The Engineering And Management Of Shandong Canal In Ming And Qing Dynasties

Shandong Canal is located in the middle of the Grand Canal,which can be described as the central nervous system of the Grand Canal.Pomeranz believes that,almost all of the most serious problems in the Grande Canal are concentrated in one province,Shandong.There are a lot of the similarities and differences in the natural landscape,river development,water supply and other issues in Shandong Canal,distinguished from other sections of the Grand Canal.This provides a sample for the study of the changes of historical geography environment,and for the adaptation and interaction of human society.The ecological environment along the Grand Canal in the area of Shandong is the most fragile.In history,governors wasted most time,but got the worst results.The Shandong Canal has the greatest impact on the Grand Canal.The study on the geographical environment and the social and cultural changes of Shandong Canal,on the one hand,can help to detect the causes of prosperity and decline;on the other hand,the balance of political,economic,social and cultural development can be examined.This paper focuses on the Shandong Canal,with the emphasis on the governance and management of river channels,and the interaction among the elements.This paper describes the governance of the Shandong Canal project in Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties,discusses the water conservancy disputes and social problems in the area of the Shandong Canal and puts forward the historical lessons of river channel engineering and management.This paper will be divided into six parts to study the engineering and management of the Shandong Canal in Ming and Qing Dynasties.Chapter I,the introduction,simply explains the reasons for choosing the topic,the research area,the basic situation of domestic and foreign research and research methods.Chapter II discusses the historical and geographical background of the Shandong Canal.In this part,three kinds of alluvial plain are summarized,and the basic situation of the Yellow River system,Haihe River system and Huaihe River system is investigated.At the same time,it also introduces the basic situation of lakes and springs.Chapter III studies the engineering development,historical and spatial characteristics of the Shandong Canal.This section describes the Shandong Canal water system and the distribution of the springs,the raw materials and tools needed for canal management.The prohibition of the Canal management is also discussed.Chapter IV discusses the governors and governance of the Shandong Canal project.This section studies the system for grain transportation,such as the grain and ships,analyzes the historical changes and the role of grain supply.As for the governors,there are four levels:the ship's soldiers,transportation officials,provincial officials,county magistrate and fairly minor officials.Thus,the role and influence of the governors from different levels on the Grande Canal is discussed.Chapter V discusses the water conservancy disputes and social responses in the canal area of Shandong Province,Hebei Province,Jiangsu province and Henan Province.First,it discusses the disputes between Shandong provincen and Hebei province and argues that it is not right to be unfriendly to neighbors.Second,it discusses the contradiction concerning drainage problem between Shandong province and Jiangsu province.Third,the paper discusses the border conflict between Shandong province and Henan province.Fourth,it discusses the conflict of interests in Weishan Lake area.This paper maintains that this leads to the following problems:Crop planting structure has changed;Agricultural production has been ruined;The flood has been aggravated;The life of the farmers is more bitter,converting people to theism.All these problems reflect the conflict of interests,resulting in the change of historical human geography.Chapter VI leads to the summary.First,repair and management of the Shandong Canal is a national government project;Chinese is a country willing to engage in engineering;Second,canal governance is the result of a generation of Confucian engineers;The traditional officials seriously governed the river engineering;Third,the governing process of the Shandong Canal can explain the Ricci's problem and Huang Renyuk's puzzle.This paper studies the project management and water conservancy construction,and analyzes the governance of Shandong Canal project.Finally,we recognize that the state and the society are interrelated,which is an innovative point of this paper.The governance of the Shandong Canal is "the project of the state",while the traditional empire is "the state of the project".