Cultural Geography Of The Hakka Traditional Villages And Dwellings In Ganzhou

The Hakka,a unique important branch of the Han nationality,was developed from the people of Central China migrated south to gradually blend with southern native in history.The Hakkas formed in the core settlement: the adjacent area of Jiangxi,Fujian and Guangdong provinces.Especially,Ganzhou,the junction of aforementioned three provinces,is known as the Hakkas’ first piece of land and Hakka culture cradle,which are due to Ganzhou was the first stop site for accepting historic Han people from the north to move south and became as the birthplace and biggest localities for the Hakka.The Hakkas lived in Ganzhou have created plenty of culture resources including the brilliant and distinctive Hakka villages and dwellings culture,during their survival and development.The numerous delicate Hakka villages and dwellings with various styles are widely distributed in Ganzhou.These historical Hakka villages and dwellings possessing diverse types and distinctive characteristics are not only valuable Chinese culture heritages in Jiangxi province,but also important in the research of Chinese traditional culture.This study used a combinatorial strategies,including cultural geography,urban and rural planning and architecture,to establish the cultural geography database of Hakha traditional villages and dwellings in Ganzhou with big data research paradigm in ArcGIS platform.Based on this database,the study systematically analyzed the Hakka traditional villages and dwelling characteristics;it revealed the spatial distribution and differentiation regularity of traditional villages and dwellings;it accurately divided cultural areas of traditional villages and dwellings;it explored the formation mechanism and influencing factors of traditional villages and dwellings;comparing with Hakka villages and dwellings characteristics in Fujian and,Guangdong,it analyzed the similarities and differences.Through the above methods and research work,this paper mainly achieves the following four research results:Above all,the cultural geography information database with 1,093 Hakka traditional villages was established for the first time.Using field surveys,literature collection,and high-resolution satellite imagery analysis,basic information of Hakka traditional villages and dwellings in Ganzhou were collected,and the whole villages were identified comprehensively and meticulously.Ultimately,1093 Hakka traditional villages were selected as research samples.Introducing the concept of "cultural factors" and starting from the key cultural factors affecting the Hakka traditional villages,the study extracted the most representative cultural factors: "three categories,ten small categories".Introducing the method of "typology",cultural factors were classified scientifically and reasonably,and a type system of cultural factors was established.The database covers the four basic information of research object completely and systematically including the basic attributes,geographical environment attributes,material form attributes and historical humanities attributes.Secondly,the study revealed the geographical features of Hakka traditional villages and dwellings in Ganzhou,and explored the cultural connotation and dynamic mechanism.In geographical distribution,the Hakka traditional villages of Ganzhou are in agglomerated distribution,and the "core-edge" structure is obvious.Many villages are often built on the mountain,and conform to the linear expansion of the mountain.They also show more dependence to mountains than to water system.Hakka traditional dwellings present the general characteristics: "large commonness,little differentiation".In the historical evolution,the villages show an obvious state of agglomeration in the four historical periods of Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties.The agglomeration areas evolve with the historical changes.The study deeply analyzes the influencing factors of the geographical features of the Hakka traditional villages and dwellings in Ganzhou.The results show that the large-scale migration of the Han people of the Central Plains and the Central Plains culture are the roots of the Hakka villages and dwellings culture.The special natural environment of Ganzhou and the conditions of agricultural production are the basic factors.The spread of culture and the cultural innovation lead to the emergence of regional differences.Clan culture and Feng Shui culture are the internal factors of the morphological features formation of villages and dwellingsAgain,the cultural regionalization of Hakka traditional villages and dwellings were divided scientifically,and the central and marginal areas of each sub-region were identified.Then,their cultural landscape features were described,and the formation mechanism were revealed.The study formulated the principles and methods of cultural regionalization,and extracted the key information in the database that reflected the geographical characteristics of the traditional villages and dwellings in Ganzhou.Taking the village layout and dwelling type as the dominant factors and according to the village model,the study preliminarily divided the cultural region.With other factors such as scale and roadway form,it further subdivided the cultural region according to the similarity and difference of culture.Combining the boundaries of natural features and administrative areas,it divided into six cultural regions of Hakka traditional villages and dwellings.The six major cultural regions are juxtaposed,and the central and marginal areas of cultural regions are in primary and secondary relationship.Regional development,topography,immigration culture,ancient road transportation,cultural communication,and cultural diffusion are the key factors of differences formation in various cultural regions.Finally,comparing with the cultural landscape of the Hakka traditional villages and dwelling in Guangdong and Fujian,the study analyzed the similarities and differences among the three places and looked for characteristics from the commonalities.The natural environment of the three places is similar.They belong to the Hakka cultural circle.They are quite similar in the village site selection and social form.However,they are separated by mountains,and the three areas are not related to each other.During the formation of the Hakka people,they have their own unique Hakka pattern and unique Hakka dwellings.The enclosing house in south Jiangxi,the earth building in west Fujian,and the round-dragon house in northeast Guangdong are the typical dwellings in the three places,which are significantly different in terms of defensiveness,order,and culture.In conclusion,the study establishes a set of innovative research methods for traditional villages and dwellings,and enriches the theoretical system of traditional villages and dwellings research.The research results can not only effectively promote the protection and development of Hakka traditional villages and dwellings,but also provide a good reference for the protection and development of Hakka traditional villages and dwellings in Jiangxi province and even the whole country.