| 1.In order to explore mechanisms of vagabundae spiders'respondint to outside signals.The surface receptor types,distribution and characteristics of Pardosa pseudoannulata was observed the by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).The results showed that there were a little single slit sensill of P.pseudoannulata distributed in the palpal tarsus and tibia,actually,most of the pedipalps only found one to two single slit sensill.Lyriform organs widely distributed in tibia,pedipalps,foot step,especially in tarsal.The tarsal organ located in pedipalps,its shape resembles the water drop shaped holes,round or oval holes.Tactile hair formed acute angle with the surface of spider body.The base of tactile hair was surrounded by hair follicle.Tactile hair was big and thick,while hair was straight and with villus around.Most of tactile hairs distributed on the tarsus and tibia of appendages,especially on the first leg.The quantity of tactile hair were more than the quantity of trichobothrium and gustatory hair.There were obvious differences between trichobothrium and other hair.The distinct character of trichobothrium was thin and long and mostly perpendicular to the epidermis,also,hair follicles of trichobothrium was deep pit and with folds.The result of Scanning electron microscope observation indicated that less trichobothrium was fall off,maybe the hair base and the body were firmly combined.Trichobothriums were mainly distributed in the fourth leg and the pedipalps,the rest of femur distributed less.Usually,the base of gustatory hair had a slight bulge around the round shape of hair follicles,while,there was slight curve on the top of gustatory hair.Gustatory hair.were mainly distributed on the first and second leg,certainly,a few gustatory hairs located in pedipalps and chelicera.2.To evaluate the functiong of the wolf spider(Lycosa)'s auditory receptors on the predation.This experiment utilized the comparative analysis approach to analyze the mechanical process of wolf spider(Lycosa)'s auditory receptors and its function to enhance the ravin possibility.We devised an auditory experiment device to ensure the veracity of the experiment.The results showed that in the experimental distance the wolf spider(Lycosa)'s auditory receptors assists wolf spider(Lycosa)to locate the direction of prey,especially inside 3cm prey area.The select index and residence time of sound side was significantly higher than non-sound side(P<0.05).However,when the distance between wolf spider and sound side increased,the sensitivity declined.At the same time,regression analysis showed that select index had high negative correlation with the distance.Additionally,the acuteness of auditory receptors is related to the gender of wolf spider(Lycosa).Female wolf spider(Lycosa)has a better acoustic sense.The role of auditory cues in prey location by the spider P.pseudoannulata was investigated.The effects of the distance from the sound source(4 cm,6 cm,8 cm,10 cm,12 cm,14 cm,16 cm)and sound pause interval(0 s,1 s,3 s,5 s,7 s,9 s,11 s)on prey location were measured.Morphology,quantity,and distribution of cuticular sensillae of P.pseudoannulata were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.Spider speed(y)and sound source distance(x)were negatively correlated.Spider movements at 4 cm(5.12±0.40 cm/min)and 6 cm(5.45±0.31cm/min)sound source distance were significantly faster(P<0.05)than at other distances.Spider movement was slowest at 14 cm(2.95±0.11cm/min)and 16 cm(2.63±0.11 cm/min)distances.At 6 cm distance,spider speed decreased with an increase in sound pause interval.When the sound pause intervals were 1 s and 3 s,spider speed peaked at 5.02±0.31 cm/min and 5.15±0.40 cm/min,respectively.As the sound pause interval increased,the spider speed decreased significantly(P<0.05)and was 2.36±0.15 cm/min when the sound pause interval was 11 s.3 P.pseudoannulata had distance perception in vision and they had sensitivity of vision for the D.melanogaster in the distance of three,four,five and six centimeters.P.pseudoannulata had the best and similar sensitivity of vision for the D.melanogaster in the distance of three amd four centimeters.However,the sensitivity of vision for the D.melanogaster in the distance of five centimeters exhibited significant decrease(P<0.05).For the D.melanogaster in the distance of five and six centimeters,P.pseudoannulata also had similar sensitivity.P.pseudoannulata's sensitivity of vision almost defunctionalized in the distance over seven centimeters.The standard curve of P.pseudoannulata's choice time of D.melanogaster in the different distances:y=-9.6770x+118.74,R2=0.8378 and the standard curve of P.pseudoannulata's choice time of none D.melanogaster in the different distances:y=9.6750x-18.729,R~2=0.8377 suggested that sensitivity of P.pseudoannulata's vision decreases correspondingly with an increase of D.melanogaster's distance.The other group testing gave the PSI of choosing color were 35.40%±1.60%(redness),36.03%±1.60%(greenness),18.01%±1.60%(yellowness),and 10.56%±1.60%(orange).Sensitivity to yellowness and orange were significantly lower than to redness and greenness(P<0.05),indicating that they have the highest sensitivity to redness and greenness.It meaned P.pseudoannulat had different level sensitivity for different wavelength light.Single factor analysis and L9(33)orthogonal test were used to analyze the prey efficiency of P.pseudoannulata,which contained illumination intensity,illumination colour and environment temperature.It was demonstrated that P.pseudoannulata will have best prey efficiency under such environmental conditions as follow:15 Lx illumination intensity,green colour and 27?.4.To evaluate the functiong of the wolf spider(Lycosa)'s olfactory on the predation.The sensitivity of different distance was distinguished using single factor analysis between Drosophila melanogaster's body secretions and abdominal tissue fluid.The results showed that in the experimental distance wolf spider choose the position with Drosophila melanogaster's body secretions correctly,select index and residence time was significantly higher than those without Drosophila melanogaster's body secretions(P<0.05).However,when the distance between wolf spider and Drosophila melanogaster's body secretions increased,the sensitivity declined.At the same time,regression analysis showed that select index had high negative correlation with the distance.In addition,the results found that the tarantula the Drosophila body fluids smell is more sensitive than the the Drosophila body surface odor reaction.The GC-EAD research result showed that not only female but also male P.pseudoannulata can react to two kinds of volatile chemical composition extracted from prey body surface.The analyses of GC-MS showed that the main components in n-hexane rinse were olefin(32.49%),erucic acid derivatives(28.34%),esters(21.78%)and alkane(17.39%).Among which the amounts of erucyl amide was the highest,accounting for28.34%;followed by hexadecyl tetradecanoate,accounting for 21.78%. |
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