Study On Taxonomy Of Chironominae In Zhejiang Province,and Its Application In Bioassessment Of Water Quality And Aquatic Feed

The dissertation comprises four main sections:literature review,classification of Chironominae in Zhejiang Province,China,water quality evaluation used by Chironomids and application of Chironomids in the aquatic feeds.In the section of literature review,the research history and current research status are reviewed;the problems of present classification system of Chironominae are discussed;the research progresses referring to application of Chironomids in aquaculture,water environmental bio-monitoring and pest control are summarized.With analyzing the research status of Chironomidae in Zhejiang Province,the research objectives and significance are concluded.The section of classification is the priority of the research.The materials,methods,the detail morphological characters,the DNA barcoding extraction and analysis,and glossary are supplied.In this part,127 species of 32 genera of Chironominae are described and discussed in detail.Among the taxa,1 tribe are newly recorded to Zhejiang;1 genus is erected as new to science;4 genera are newly recorded to China;13 genera are newly recorded to Zhejiang;19 species are described as new to science;10 species are newly recorded to China;64 species are newly recorded to Zhejiang.Keys to species,genera in Zhejiang are given.The available data on geographical distribution are also reported.Jinochironomus gen.n.,a marine genus of Chironominae new to science,is erected based on the complete life stages(unpublished).1 tribe is newly recorded to China:Pseudochironomini.19 species of 9 genera are described as new to science(including 17 species published in 2011-2017):Dicrotendipes nudus Qi,Lin&Wang,2012,Dicrotendipes saetanumerosus Qi,Lin&Wang,2012,Dicrotendipes weiqiangensis Qi,2016,Endotribelos redimiculum Qi,Shi,Lin&Wang,2013,Manoa xianjuensis Qi&Lin,2017,Microtendipes brevissimus Qi,Shi,Lin&Wang,2014,Microtendipes globosus Qi,Li,Wang&Shao,2014,Microtendipes zhejiangensis Qi,Lin&Wang,2012,Nilothauma aristatum Qi,Tang&Wang,2016,Nilothauma pandus Qi,Lin,Wang&Shao,2014,Polypedilum(Polypedilum)constrictum Zhang&Wang,2017,Polypedilum(Polypedilum)xianjuensis Qi,2016,Polypedilum(Tripodura)cypellum Qi,Shi,Zhang&Wang,2014,Polypedilum(Uresipedilum)minimum Lin,Qi,Zhang&Wang,2013,Stenochironomus brevissimus Qi,2015,Stenochironomus linanensis Qi,2015,Stenochironomus xianjuensis Zhang&Qi,2016 and 2 unpublished species new to science:Conochironomus obuncus sp.n.,Jinochironomus sinicus sp.n..4 genera are newly recorded to China:Axarus Roback,1980,Conochironomus Freeman,1961,Endotribelos Grodhaus,1987 and Manoa Fittkau,1963.13 genera are newly recorded to Zhejiang Province:Axarus Roback,1980,Conochironomus Freeman,1961,Endochironomus Kieffer,1818,Endotribelos Grodhaus,1987,Glyptotendipes Kieffer,1913,Kiefferulus Goetghebuer,1922,Parachironomus Lenz,1921,Paracladopelma Harnisch,1923,Xiaomyia Saether&Wang,1993,Cladotanytarsus Kieffer,1921,Manoa Fittkau,1963,Neozavrelia Goetghebuer,1941 and Rheotanytarsus Thienemann&Bause,1913.11 species are recorded for the first time to China:Axarus fungorum(Albu,1980),Cryptotendipes calyxus(Guha,Das,Chaudhuri&Choudhuri,1985),Demicryptochironomus(Demicryptochironomus)ginzancedeus Sasa&Suzuki,2001,Dicrotendipes inouei Hashimoto,1984,Harnischia tenuitubercula Chaudhuri&Chattopadhyay,1990,Kiefferulus umbtaticola Yamamoto,1979,Paracladopelma hibarasecundum Sasa,1993,Paratendipes subaequalis(Malloch,1915),Polypedilum(Pentapedilum)tigrinum(Hashimoto,1983),Polypedilum(Tripodura)harteni Andersen&Mendes,2010 and Polypedilum(Uresipedilum)bingoparadoxum Kawai,Inoue&Imabayashi,1998.64 species are newly recorded to Zhejiang Province:Axarus fungorum(Albu,1980),Chironomus(Camptochironomus)pallidivittatus(Malloch,1915),Chironomus(Chironomus)circumdatus Kieffer,1916,Chironomus(Chironomus)dorsalis Meigen,1818,Chironomus(Chironomus)sinicus Wang&Kiknadze,2005,Cladopelma virescens(Meigen,1818),Cryptochironomus(Cryptochironomus)fulvus(Johannsen,1905),Cryptochironomus(Cryptochironomus)tamaichimori Sasa&Kawai,1987,Cryptotendipes calyxus(Guha,Das,Chaudhuri&Choudhuri,1985),Demicryptochironomus(Demicryptochironomus)ginzancedeus Sasa&Suzuki,2001,Demicryptochironomus(Demicryptochironomus)minus Yan,Tang&Wang,2005,Demicryptochironomus(Demicryptochironomus)pannus Yan,Tang&Wang,2005,Demicryptochironomus(Irmakia)neglectus Reiss,1988,Dicrotendipes inouei Hashimoto,1984,Dicrotendipes nervosus(Staeger,1839),Einfeldia dissidens(Walker,1851),Endochironomus pekanus(Kieffer,1916),Endochironomus tendens(Fabricius,1775),Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa,1979,Harnischia tenuitubercula Chaudhuri&Chattopadhyay,1990,Harnischia turgidula Wang&Zheng,1993,Kiefferulus barbatitarsis(Kieffer,1911),Kiefferulus umbtaticola Yamamoto,1979,Microchironomus tabarui Sasa,1987,Microtendipes confinis(Meigen,1830),Nilothauma acre Adam&Saether,1999,Nilothauma japonicum Niitsuma,1985,Parachironomus arcuatus(Goetghebuer,1919),Paracladopelma bui Yan,Jin&Wang,2008,Paracladopelma hibarasecundum Sasa,1993,Paratendipes albimanus(Meigen,1818),Paratendipes angustus Lin,Qi&Wang,2011,Paratendipes nudisquama(Edwards,1929),Paratendipes subaequalis(Malloch,1915),Polypedilum(Pentapedilum)fanjingense Zhang&Wang,2005,Polypedilum(Pentapedilum)tigrinum(Hashimoto,1983),Polypedilum(Pentapedilum)paraconvexum Zhang&Wang,2005,Polypedilum(Pentapedilum)pseudosordens Zhang&Wang,2005,Polypedilum(Pentapedilum)sordens(van der Wulp,1874),Polypedilum(Polypedilum)edensis Ree&Kim,1981,Polypedilum(Polypedilum)henicurum Wang,1995,Polypedilum(Polypedilum)hainanense Zhang&Wang,2008,Polypedilum(Polypedilum)nubeculosum(Meigen,1804),Polypedilum(Polypedilum)tobaseptimum Kikuchi&Sasa,1990,Polypedilum(Tripodura)decematoguttatum(Tokunaga,1938),Polypedilum(Tripodura)harteni Andersen&Mendes,2010,Polypedilum(Uresipedilum)bingoparadoxum Kawai,Inoue&Imabayashi,1998,Polypedilum(Uresipedilum)crassiglobum Zhang&Wang,2004,Polypedilum(Uresipedilum)cultellatum Goetghbuer,1931,Polypedilum(Uresipedilum)lateralum Zhang&Wang,2004,Polypedilum(Uresipedilum)paraviceps Niitsuma,1992,Polypedilum(Uresipedilum)surugense Niitsuma,1992,Stenochironomus koreanus Borkent,1984,Stenochironomus macateei(Malloch,1915),Stenochironomus nublipennis Yamamoto,1981,Stenochironomus satorui(Tokunaga&Kuroda,1936),Stictochironomus akizukii(Tokunaga,1940),Stictochironomus multannulatus(Tokunaga,1938),Xiaomyia aequipedes Saether&Wang,1993,Cladotanytarsus vanderwulpi(Edwards,1929),Neozavrelia oligomera Wang&Zheng,1990,Neozavrelia tamanona Sasa,1980,Rheotanytarsus acerbus(Johannsen,1932),Rheotanytarsus liuae Wang&Guo,2004 and Tanytarsus ejuncidus(Walker,1856).In the section of water bio-monitoring,representative genera of Chironominae in Zhejiang for each kind of water are listed;the correlation between community structure of chironomid larvae and water environment of Yong'an River is studied,the result is as follows:1167 larvae of Chironomidae,in 13 stream sites of Yong-An River were collected and investigated.31 chironomid species belonging to 27 genera and 3 subfamilies were identified(Chironominae:14 genera and 17 species;Orthocladiinae:9 genera and 10 species;Tanypodinae:4 genera and 4 species).According to zoogeographic regionalization,28 species(90.3%of the species in Yong'an River)are both distributed in Palaearctic and Oriental Region,3 species(9.7%of the species in Yong'an River)are distributed in Oriental Region.Rheotanytarsus liuae Wang&Guo,Conchapelopia sp.,Polypedilum nubeculosum(Meigen),Cricotupus vierriensis Goetghebuer and Tanytarsus formosanus Kieffer are the most abundant.The average density and biomass of chironomidae larvae gradually increased from upstream to downstream of Yongan River,average density 657.8± 473.9ind./m2 and average biomass 0.51 ±0.39g/m2.The distribution and survival of chironomidae larvae are mostly affected by Chlor-a and bottom materials of river.Base on Shannon Index(H'),the water quality evaluation of Yong'an River is moderate to heavy polluted,12 sites are moderate polluted and 1 sites is heavy polluted among 13 sites of Yongan River.Base on Hilsenhoff Index(BI),the value is clean to very clean,4 sites are very clean,6 sites are clean,1 sites is normal,and 2 sites are polluted among 13 stream sites of Yong'an River,The results of Shannon Index(H)is different from Hilsenhoff Index(BI).The mainly reason may be that Shannon Index(H')is mostly fitter for evaluation of the community of aquatic organism,and the tolerance values of each kind of aquatic organism are dealt as in the same value in Shannon Index(H').The result used by Hilsenhoff Index(BI)is more reliable,because Hilsenhoff Index(BI)takes account of differences between individuals.Although the results of two index are different,the variation trends are similar.2 trials were carried out in the part of application of Chironomids in the aquatic feeds:Trial 1.An 82 days feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect of Chironomus meal on growth,feed utilization,body composition and digestion enzyme activities of juvenile yellow catfish(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson).Two diet formula,Y-(fish meal level 25%)and Y+(fish meal level 29%),were designed.In the diet Y-,chironomus meal was added at 0.3%(Y1),0.6%(Y2),0.9%(Y3),1.2%(Y4)or 1.5%(Y5),respectively.Initial body weight of the test fish was(7.38 ± 0.03)g fish-1.During the feeding trial,fish were fed to satiation twice daily.The final body weight and weight gain increased with increasing chironomus meal from Y-to Y2(P<0.05),but did not significantly change with the further increase from Y2 to Y5(P>0.05).The feed intake was higher in fish fed diets Y-and Y1 than in fish fed the diet Y2,Y3,Y4,Y5 and Y+(P<0.05).The feed conversion rate decreased with increasing chironomus meal.Fish fed diet Y+ exhibited lowest feed conversion rate,while fish fed diet Y-exhibited highest feed conversion rate(P<0.05).No significant differences were found in the body composition(moisture,crude protein,crude lipid and ash)between fish fed the diets containing gradient levels of chironomus meal(P>0.05).With increasing chironomus meal,intestinal protease and alkaline phosphatase activities,and hepatopancrea protease activities significantly increased(P<0.05).The results of the present study indicate that adding chironomus meal in diet formulation can improve growth of juvenile yellow catfish,and the suitable dose was 0.6%.Chironomus meal can enhance feed utilization efficiency(feed intake and feed conversion rate)of yellow catfish farming via the improvement of digestion enzyme activities(intestinal protease and alkaline phosphatase activities,and hepatopancrea protease activity).Trial 2.A 60 days feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect of chironomus meal on growth,feed utilization and body composition of juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii.Two diet formula,YO(fish meal level 20%)and Y+(fish meal level 22%),were designed.In the diet Y0,chironomus meal was added at 0.5%(Y1),1.0%(Y2),1.5%(Y3),2.0%(Y4),or 2.5%(Y5).Initial body weight of the test shrimp was 0.19 g.During the feeding trial,fish were fed to satiation four meals daily.The final body weight and weight gain increased with increasing chironomus meal from Y0 to Y2(P<0.05),but did not significantly change with the further increase from Y2 to Y5(P>0.05).No significant differences were found in the final body weight and weight gain between fish fed the diets containing gradient levels of chironomus meal and Y+(P>0.05),excepting fish fed diet YO(P<0.05).The feed conversion rate decreased with increasing chironomus meal.No significant difference was found in the feed conversion rate between fish fed the diets containing gradient levels of chironomus meal and fish fed diet Y+(P>0.05),while they were significant lower than in fish fed diet Y0(P<0.05).Fish fed the diets containing gradient levels of chironomus meal have effect on hepatosomatic index and carapace index for shrimp(P<0.05),but no effect on organism index for shrimp(P>0.05).Fish fed the diets containing gradient levels of chironomus meal can significant decrease body crude lipid of shrimp,but no significant differences were found in the body moisture,crude protein and ash between fish fed the diets containing gradient levels of chironomus meal(P>0.05).The result of the microbial diversity analysis indicate that commercial product of Chironomid as a feed additive can influence the diversity of bacterial community in the gut of Macrobrachium rosenbergii,and it can influence the dominant taxa at the genus level.The results of the present study indicate that the fish meal level can be reduced from 22%to 20%with adding 1.5%-2%chironomus meal in Macrobrachium rosenbergii diet formulation,and the improvement growth performance is mainly attributed to the lowered feed conversion rate.