| Cultivated land is the most basic land resource for human survival,and its utilization and conservation has arose wide attention.Taking typical hilly mountainous areas,namely,partial areas in Jiangxi and Guizhou Province,as the research region,this study defined the conception and connotation of cultivated land use ecological transition,and clarified its main forms.Based on theories such as farmer behavioral theory,statistics,econometrics,game theory,and methodologies such as questionnaire survey,the behavioral mechanism of cultivated land use ecological transition in hilly mountainous areas are revealed from the perspective of farm household heterogeneity,and it is verified by survey data.The main research content and conclusions are as follows.(1)According to three aspects of non-agricultural employment opportunities,whether to engage in non-agricultural employment and the stability of non-agricultural employment,farm households in hilly mountainous areas are divided into four types: aging farm households,pure farm households,stable concurrent business households and unstable concurrent business households.Based on farm households' different selections in agricultural production,consumption,labor allocation and utility preference,behavior decision model for different types of farm households are constructed.(2)For aging farm households in hilly mountainous areas,based on their behavior decision model,their behavioral mechanism of spontaneous cultivated land use ecological transition,government-dominated cultivated land use ecological transition,and reduction in application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides during the process of cultivated land use are analyzed.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)In terms of spontaneous cultivated land use ecological transition(cultivated land abandonment),the probability that aging farm households abandon cultivated land in hilly mountainous areas increases with farmers' age.Moreover,cultivated land with poor soil quality,poor irrigation conditions or far away from home are preferentially abandoned.The probability of abandoning cultivated land increases by annual 8.5% as farm households' age increase by each year.(2)In terms of government-dominated cultivated land use ecological transition(land retirement),in the phase of land retirement,over 70%(including 45.14% households whose revenue per unit of area exceeds current compensation)aging farm households are satisfied with current compensation for land retirement.It indicates that current compensation meets most aging farm households' expected utility.Based on game model,in the phase of land management,aging farm households would engage in fallow management with government's active supervision and timely subsidies.However,as age increases,aging farm households' willingness would decrease.(3)In terms of reduction in application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides during the process of cultivated land use,aging farm households in hilly mountainous areas have no motivation to decrease the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides spontaneously.Improving their cognition of environmental impacts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has little influence on their agricultural production decision.Aging farm households tend to purchase organic fertilizers through subsidies and apply bio-pesticide instead of traditional chemical fertilizers and pesticides.(3)For pure farm households in hilly mountainous areas,based on their behavior decision model,their behavioral mechanism of spontaneous cultivated land use ecological transition,government-dominated cultivated land use ecological transition,and reduction in application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides during the process of cultivated land use are analyzed.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)In terms of spontaneous cultivated land use ecological transition(cultivated land abandonment),the irrigation conditions of land plots,the distance from plot to home,and land quality are the main influencing factors for pure farm households to abandon cultivated land.(2)In terms of government-dominated cultivated land use ecological transition(land retirement),based on behavior decision model for farm households,in the phase of land retirement,for pure farm households,national compensation for land retirement should greater than or equal to the reduced yield(or revenue)resulted from land retirement.Based on game model,in the phase of land management,ure farm households would engage in fallow management with government's active supervision and timely subsidy.(3)In terms of reduction in application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides during the process of cultivated land use,pure farm households in hilly mountainous areas have no motivation to decrease the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides spontaneously.Approaches such as encouraging farm households to apply organic fertilizer through subsidy,replacing traditional chemical fertilizers and pesticides with bio-pesticides,perfecting markets for organic,ecological and green agricultural products,and lowering the market thresholds for farm households are appropriate and easily acceptable for pure farm households.(4)For stable concurrent business households in hilly mountainous areas,based on their behavior decision model,their behavioral mechanism of spontaneous cultivated land use ecological transition,government-dominated cultivated land use ecological transition,and reduction in application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides during the process of cultivated land use are analyzed.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)In terms of spontaneous cultivated land use ecological transition(cultivated land abandonment),the probability that stable concurrent business households abandon cultivated land would increase with the promotion of wages.Cultivated land with poor soil quality,poor irrigation conditions or far away from home are preferentially abandoned.The number of migrant workers has a significant influence on cultivated land abandonment,while non-agricultural income has no significant influence on cultivated land abandonment.(2)In terms of government-dominated cultivated land use ecological transition(land retirement),in the phase of land retirement,over 90%(including 40% households whose revenue per unit of area exceeds compensation)stable concurrent business households are satisfied with current compensation for land retirement.It indicates that current compensation meets most stable concurrent business households' psychological expectations.Based on game analysis,in the phase of land management,for stable part-time households,if the penalty for not engaging in land management is 1200 Yuan per unit of area,stable concurrent business households would choose the strategy of land management.(3)In terms of reduction in application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides during the process of cultivated land use,stable concurrent business households in hilly mountainous areas have no motivation to decrease the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides spontaneously.Policy implementations can be started with the following two aspects: the first is improving farm households' cognition of environmental impacts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides,and the second is encouraging farm households to apply organic fertilizers through subsidies and replacing traditional chemical fertilizers and pesticides with bio-fertilizers.(5)For unstable concurrent business households in hilly mountainous areas,based on their behavior decision model,their behavioral mechanism of spontaneous cultivated land use ecological transition,government-dominated cultivated land use ecological transition,and reduction in application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides during the process of cultivated land use are analyzed.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)In terms of spontaneous cultivated land use ecological transition(cultivated land abandonment),the probability that unstable concurrent business households abandon cultivated land is almost zero.(2)In terms of government-dominated cultivated land use ecological transition(land retirement),in the phase of land retirement,almost 65% unstable concurrent business households are satisfied with the current compensation for land retirement,and there are still over one third households are dissatisfied with the current compensation.Based on game analysis,in the phase of land management,unstable concurrent business households would engage in fallow management with government's active supervision and timely subsidies.(3)In terms of reduction in application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides during the process of cultivated land use,unstable concurrent business households in hilly mountainous areas have no motivation to decrease the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides spontaneously.With regard to policy implementations,encouraging farm households to apply organic fertilizers through subsidies and replacing traditional chemical fertilizers and pesticides with bio-fertilizers are good approaches. |
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