Study On Occupational Epidemiology And Unsafe Behaviors Of Copper-nickel Miners

Objective:To understand the occupational hazards and levels exposed by copper-nickel miners through occupational health survey,a questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate the status of occupational stress,occupational health status,working ability,occupational quality of life and unsafe behaviors of copper-nickel miners and their influencing factors.To explore the factors through SEM that affect the unsafe behaviors of copper-nickel miners,to improve the working environment,the quality of life and the intervention measures of the copper-nickel miners.Methods:（1）Fifty-eight types of copper-nickel ore were analyzed through AET,to understand their occupational stress factors.（2）Based on the identification of the occupational hazards in the copper-nickel mine,the level of chemical and physical occupational hazards in the copper-nickel mines were understood according to the national standard sampling and testing.（3）All the copper-nickel miners with length of service>1a were selected as the research object for the questionnaire survey by using stratified cluster sampling.To understand the occupational health status of copper-nickel miners by using ERI,CMBI,social support scale,Nordic Musculoskeletal Scale and occupational health examination.To understand the working ability and professional life quality of copper-nickel miners by using WAI and SF-36.（4）To investigate the unsafe behaviors of copper-nickel miners by using the questionnaire of unsafe behaviors structure,to explore the factors that influence their unsafe behaviors through SEM.Results:（1）Twenty-three types of work in the mining unit were finally clustered into 2 categories,including 32 occupational stress factors in 10types of work,and 64 occupational stress factors in the 13 types of work.Among the 95sampling points,3 noise sampling points were unqualified,and others were not exceeded.（2）Thirteen types of mineral processing units were eventually clustered into 2categories,which included 51 occupational stress factors in 11 types of work and 81occupational stress factors in 2 types of work.Among the 86 sampling points,there were10 samples with excessive dust concentration,1 sampling point CS₂ with excessive concentration and 7 samples with excessive noise,and others were not exceeded.（3）Twenty-two types of smelting units were eventually grouped into 2 categories,which consisted of 47 occupational stress factors in 20 types of work and 81 occupational stress factors in 2 types of work.Among the 123 sampling points,there were 12 excess noise points and 1 illuminance point,and others were not exceeded.（4）One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven people of copper-nickel miners were investigated,and the effective recovery rate of the questionnaire was 92.9%.（5）Male occupational stress was higher than famale in different genders（P<0.01）;college education group,and the group whose monthly income was less than 2500 yuan,their occupational stress was higher（P<0.01）;occupational stress level of copper-nickel miners in smelting unit was higher（P<0.05）.（6）Male copper-nickel miners had the highest detection rate of moderate burnout,famle copper-nickel miners had the highest rate of mild burnout,the degree of occupational burnout of male copper-nickel miners was higher than that of female（P<0.01）;the burnout of copper-nickel miners who aged 35^years old group,high school education group,a monthly income of less than 2500 yuan were the highest（P<0.01）;the burnout of the copper-nickel miners in the smelter was the highest（P<0.01）;the copper-nickel miners with high levels of occupational stress also had higher burnout levels.（7）The famale got more support than male（P<0.01）;the age group at 30^years old,undergraduate and above qualifications group,divorced copper-nickel miners,monthly income more than 4000 yuan group received the highest relative support（P<0.01）;the copper-nickel miners in the concentrator received the highest support;the copper-nickel miners in the mine received the most objective support and the most supportive use（P<0.01）;the higher the occupational stress was,the less social support they had got（P<0.01）.（8）The positive rate of Helicobacter pylori,hyperlipidemia and fatty liver in the copper-nickel miners were the mainly physiological health problem with high detection rate;the detection rate of female musculoskeletal injury was higher than that of male（P<0.05）;the musculoskeletal injuries in the 35-year-old group,undergraduate education group,divorce group,and copper-nickel miners with a monthly income less than 2500 yuan were more serious（P<0.01）;the musculoskeletal injuries of the copper-nickel miners in the smelter were serious（P<0.01）;the copper-nickel miners had a higher detection rate of cervical musculoskeletal injuries（P<0.01）;musculoskeletal injury was more severe in copper-nickel miners with high occupational stress level（P<0.01）.（9）The copper-nickel miners with age<25 years old group,working age<5a group,bachelor degree or above,divorce group and monthly income 4000^yuan group had better working ability（P<0.01）;the working ability of copper-nickel miners in the concentrator was higher（P<0.01）;the higher the occupational stress level was,the lower the copper-nickel miner’s working ability they had（P<0.01）.（10）The occupational quality of life of copper-nickel miners who aged 45 years was better（P<0.05）;copper-nickel miners with bachelor degree or above had the best professional life quality（P<0.01）;the higher the monthly income was,the higher occupational quality of life they had（P<0.01）;the occupational life quality of the mining unit copper-nickel was better（P<0.01）;the occupational quality of life of the occupational stress group copper-nickel miners was lower than that of the non-occupational stress group.（P<0.01）.（11）Age,education,monthly income,occupational quality of life,and social support were negatively correlated with job burnout;marital status,occupational stress,and musculoskeletal injuries were positively correlated with job burnout;age,education level,marital status,monthly income,occupational quality of life,work ability and social support were positively related;the degree of education,occupational quality of life and job burnout were protective factors for musculoskeletal injuries;occupational stress was a risk factor for musculoskeletal injuries in copper-nickel miners;the higher the level of social support and the better the quality of occupational life was,the better the working ability of copper-nickel miners they had got;the occupational stress,job burnout,musculoskeletal injury and occupational quality of life were negatively correlated.（12）The reliability and validity of the unsafe behaviors structure questionnaire measured in the copper-nickel miners were all satisfied with the measurement requirements;with the growth of age and seniority,personal safe awareness had declined;the copper-nickel miners of the college group had the highest awareness of their safe behaviors;the unsafe behaviors of the copper-nickel miners in the divorce group was the most dangerous;the possibility of unsafe behaviors of copper-nickel miners in mining unit was greater（P<0.01）;the behaviors of copper-nickel miners with higher level of job burnout was less safe;the behaviors of copper-nickel miners without musculoskeletal injury was safer（P<0.01）.（13）Through the test of the adaptation coefficient,the established structural equation model was acceptable,and the level of occupational stress affected the unsafe behaviors of copper-nickel miners.Conclusion:（1）There are many occupational stress factors for the copper-nickel miner in the beneficiation unit.Copper-nickel miners were exposed to chemical and physical occupational hazards include:productive dust,NH₃,NO₂,NO,SO₂,SO₃,H₂S,H₂SO₄,CO,Cu,Ni,NaOH,noise,high temperature and power frequency electromagnetic fields.（2）The qualified rate of detection of occupational hazards in mining units reaches 96.8%,the qualified rate of mineral processing units is 79.1%,and the qualified rate of smelting units is 89.4%;42.08%of copper-nickel miners have varying degrees of occupational stress;81.7%of copper-nickel ore tools have varying degrees of burnout;the burnout level of copper-nickel miners in the occupational stress group is higher than that in the non-occupational stress group;the level of social support in the non-professional tension group is higher than that in the occupational stress group;the musculoskeletal injuries in the neck,shoulders,and knees of the copper-nickel miners are more common than those in other sites,and the musculoskeletal injuries in the occupational stress group are higher than those in the non-occupational stress group;the occupational stress group’s copper-nickel miners’work ability and occupational life quality are lower than those of the non-professional stress group.（3）Copper-nickel miners have a relatively high awareness of the unsafe behaviors caused by the low personal safety quality,but they lack the identification of labor tasks,labor objects,and unsafe behaviors in the work environment.The more unsafe copper-nickel miners with higher burnout levels is,the more dangerous the unsafe behaviors of copper-nickel miners with musculoskeletal system injuries that would be.Copper-nickel miners with higher occupational stress levels are more likely to experience unsafe behaviors.