A Study On The Ethnic Groups And Polities In Youzhou And Yingzhou In The Tang Dynasty

This paper concerntrates on the interactions between Xi(?),Khitan(??)and the court of Tang.Especially,this study concerns the political activities and regional orders.Specifically,the effects of the aristocratic families in Yingzhou(??), the armistices and battles between Tang and Khitan & Xi(?)during Kaiyuan(??)& Tianbo(??),the policy transitionare of frontier,the flex of northeastern defense in the later period of Tang dynasty,and influences of political systems under Tang & five dynasties,are the primary coverages.Chapter 1 studies on the family inscriptions on the gravestones of the Sun(?) in Changli(??) area which was one of the aristocratic families lived in yingzhou for several generations.The Sun as the representative of the aristocratic families was the intermediator between the Central Plains Dynasty and the tribes of Northeast China.There was a close relationship between the Sun of Khitan which emerged in the later period of Sui dynasty & earlier Tang dynasty and the Sun of Changli(??). The former's family name-Sun could be attributed to the attachment for the Sun of Changli(??).The latters participated in various aspects of tang's governance of jimifuzhou(????).Outwardly,the governance lasted the conventions that caciques to be (??) or provincial governors.Effectively,the power of caciques have been impracticable.jimifuzhou(????)remained in name only from mid-Tang.Chapter 2 concerns on the insurgence that was launched by Ketuyu(???)in the 18th year of Kaiyuan(??).The Yaguan(??)was the superintendent of the chef's confidential soldiers in Khitan.As the Yaguan(??),Ketuyu(???) grasped the military power for a long time.Therefore,he has the ability to manipulated the politics.Ketuyu(???)asked for help to Turkic(??)to end Daheshi(???)monopolizing the post of the chef of Khitan tribes.The insurgence originated from political struggles in interior of Khitan.Tang kept conflicting with Ketuyu(???)was to control the tribes of Khitan again.In the 22th year of Kaiyuan (??),the situation of Northeast Asia began to go ill with Ketuyu(???) Against this backdrop,Zhang Shougui(???) won the northern expedition. However,the end of theinsurgence did not stop the turbulence in the northeast border. From then on,the court of Tang tended to suppress Liangfan(??)by military force. In that sense,the insurgence launched by Ketuyu(???)was the turning point that the situation of northeast border was being shaky and unstable since.Chapter 3 concerns the interactions between Tang and Xi(?).The clue is the vicissitude of Guiyi Dudufu(?????).Guiyi Dudufu(?????)was founded by the government of Tang for supervising the surrended Xi tribes which headed by Li shi(??)in 732.The submission of Li shi(??) means the tribal alliance of Xi(?) splitting into two branches.One branch which headed by Li shi (??) was migrated to You Prefecture(??).The other branch headed by Li Guiguo(???) remained at the native land of Xi(?).Li Yanchong(???) who was said to be the son of Li shi(??)betrayed Tang Dynasty in 736.Since then, he became the successor of Li Guiguo(???)and the leader of the Xi tribes which lived beyond the Great Wall.While the successor of Li shi(??)is his son Li Xiancheng(???).When the Rebellion of An-Shi ended,many clans from Guiyi Dudufu(?????) ware joined in the Chengde Army(???).Although Li Baochen(???),the founder of Chengde Army(???) are more likely to come from Chong Prefecture(??)or Xian Prefecture(??),but the core strength of Chengde Army(???)is actually the officials and generals.who closely related to Guiyi Dudufu(?????)Chapter 4 concerns on the attribution of Yingzhou(??)in later period of Tang dynasty.In the first year of Yongtai(??),the establishment of Liuchengjun(?? ?) indicated that the garrison in Yingzhou(??) was withdrawed by the court. Meanwhile,the provincial governor of Pingzhou(??)held a concurrent post of the military governor of Yingzhou(??).All of these signs reveals that the tang court have abandoned the domination of Yingzhou(??).At that time,the original areas of Yingzhou(??)were dominated by Xi(?).And Khitan seized the mastery when Xi(?) was put down by A-Po-Chi(???).In the same time Bazhou(??) was set up in the original areas. The name of Yingzhou(??) in historical records of the later period of Tang does not refer to the original areas of Yingzhou (??). At that time, so-called Yingzhou (??) was in the churchyard of Pingzhou (??)The last part as an attachment studies on the system of the rank of kings in the later period of Tang & five dynasties and its influences to Liao dynasty.There have been many changes of the system of the rank of kings in the later period of Tang which was reflected in the range of grant, more specialized the levels, and making 'guowang'(??) be the highest rank, etc.The system of the rank of kings in Liao dynasty was based on the above-mentioned changes.In summary, this paper is to indicate the historical background of the boom of nations in the northeast after the 10th century by studying on a series of political, military events and the interactions between tang, Xi (?) and Khitan.