Modern Chinese Philosophy And Taoism

Philosophy as a kind of culture,its evolution and development are always in a double effect.One is from the outside of the philosophical system.It inherently contains the significance of the development of politics,economy and culture to philosophical system and composition.It can usually be analyzed from two aspects of the society and the academic level to relationship between philosophy and philosophy.The other is from the philosophy itself.Proposed the philosophical theory or viewpoint show the thinking,solving,and construction of the relevant issues in varying degrees.In this sense,philosophy can not be separated from its influence on its internal tradition.The generation and development of modern Chinese philosophy can not be separated from the interaction of these two factors.Only in the modern times of China,the influence of these two factors on philosophy,showed different significance.It took the form of the controversies on "the ancient V.the modern" and"the Chinese V.the "Western" to the Chinese philosophy,thus which had led to modern Chinese philosophy of the unique philosophical perspective and the problem.Different from Chinese traditional philosophy,modern Chinese philosophy had been separated from the academic history and the history of thought,and obtained the independent development of the state.In the basic form of metaphysics,epistemology and value theory,modern Chinese philosophy is related to not only the integration of the theory of Western Philosophy,but also the philosophical thinking about the theory of Chinese traditional philosophy.Because of the special social and historical reality of modern China,the unprecedented serious national crisis and social crisis,the relationship between modern Chinese philosophy and politics is very close.Reflection to the social and political reality,contributed to the formation of modern Chinese political philosophy.The modern Chinese philosophy,which is mentioned in this paper,contains two aspects.One is the theoretical level of philosophy,including metaphysics,epistemology and value theory,the other is the practical significance of philosophy which is the content of political philosophy.It is important to note that from the Taoist Perspective,position,traditional Taoist evaluation and the relationship between Confucianism and Taoism and so on from modern philosophers,have little influence on the modern philosophical theory of China.If it is put into the core part of the paper,it is bound to upset the overall logical structure of the paper.However,these problems can not be avoided,so they are included in the appendix of the paper.In addition,the development of Taoism in modern China is not only embodied in philosophy,it shows some kind of relationship with the literature,history,natural sciences and other disciplines.As a related basic academic accumulation,it is also placed in the appendix of the paper.The structure of this paper is consists of three parts:introduction,main body and conclusion.Main body is divided into five chapters after the introduction.First of all,we should figure out the meaning of the title which named<Modern Chinese Philosophy and Taoism>in the introduction.The first thing is to define"modern China".On the basis of the distinction between the historical broad sense and the narrow sense of "modern China",it is pointed out that the "modern China"which is a historical period from the Opium War in 1840 to the May 4th Movement in 1919 in this article is a narrow sense.The reason for not adopting the historical broad sense of "modern China" is Taoist thought presented a different theoretical perspective of the development of philosophy around the May 4th Movement in 1919.Next,there are two main bases of the delineation of the "Chinese modern philosophy"in the time of the study.The one is taking time as the standard which is the starting and ending time of the narrow sense of "modern China" to designate its main scope of study.The other one is based on the characters who are modern thinkers,philosophers recognized by the academic community,including as for some reason attributed as thinkers of modern philosophy who had a great influence on Chinese modern philosophy,such as Hu shi.The above is around the main body which is figure out the Chinese Modern Philosophy of this paper.The research object of this paper is"Taoism",it refers to the Taoist philosophy,which does not include the contents of Taoism in this paper.The basis of this choice is to highlight the research perspective,which is from the perspective of philosophy,rather than scholarism,not a thought,not a history either.Secondly,the introduction is the research status of the topic analysis.Finally,clarify the research characteristics of this paper.The main idea of this paper is the introduction part.The first Chapter<The modern Chinese philosophy and the controversies on"the ancient V.the modern" and "the Chinese V.the Western">,it introduces the times background and academic background of the formation of modern Chinese philosophy.It points that the controversies on "the ancient V.the modern" and "the Chinese V.the Western"is Chinese modern philosophy of the research field.Related to this,firstly,it is to be clarify "western".The research scope of this paper is limited to the western philosophy which is usually in the ideological system,which is the core of "European and American philosophy ".This paper briefly reviews the theoretical form of western philosophy in different period.Secondly,briefly explains the theoretical characteristics of Confucianism and Buddhism in modern Chinese philosophy.In Kang Youwei' philosophy,Confucianism from the experience of"kongjiao"(??)returned to the Confucianism and received reconstruction.The end of Confucian classics period after Kang Youwei and Zhang Taiyan,but Lu and Wang's school of mind has been highlighted by the modern Chinese philosophy.Buddhism in modern China also appeared in the revival.Finally,the development of the ancient Taoist thought,to clarify the characteristics of Taoism in modern Chinese philosophy.With the special theory perspective and the theory height,the Taoism became the important school in the Hundred Schools of Thought before Qin Dynasty.In the subsequent development,Taoism and Legalism interacted and formed the school of JiXia and Huang-Lao of Taoism.Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties produced in the confluence of Taoism and Confucianism.Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism interacted and the formed Neo-confucianism.It is an important part of Chinese.traditional culture.Since modern times,it inherited the tradition of textology,Puxue(??)Confucian classics and in the Qing Dynasty and deeply influenced by various social thoughts in modern China.In philosophy,Taoism showed a unique problem domain.Taoism in modern Chinese Philosophy presented in two aspects of the content.One is from the research and evaluation to the pre Qin Taoism of modern thinkers and scholars,the other came from the new interpretation of Taoism thinker of spiritual orientation.The second chapter<Exploration of Metaphysics>,first of all,the basic theory and main content of metaphysics are clarified.In Western philosophy,metaphysics refers exclusively to the doctrine of studying the universe ontology or reality theory.It can be divided into four parts:ontology,rational cosmology,rational psychology and rational theology.Now,metaphysics refers to the problem of ontology.It is the study of the category of universality and its related duality,entity,cause and effect relationship.Secondly,it analyzes the metaphysical content of Taoism in modern Chinese philosophy from six different aspects.First,from the relationship between"Tao" and noumenon or entity,Wang Guowei took the theory of the western philosophy as the reference of the entity,and points out that "Tao" is the entity and analyzes the cosmological problem presented by Tao.Western philosophy is from the universality of things to find ontology or entity.He uses the Chinese traditional philosophy "It happens that there is a similar case" dialectical way of thinking about the demonstration of entity to demonstrate the distinction between Chinese and Western philosophies.Second,in terms of the relationship between universality and property and morality in Taoist thought,"property" reflects the absolute universality,"morality" embodies the universality of nature,and it has the characteristics of universality at the same time.Yan Fu's interpretation which was focuses on the logical relationship between concepts of "property" and "virtue".He was concerned about the general problem,showing a speculative side.Zhang Taiyan argued the problem of universality from the perspective of the relationship between"name" and "equality of things".Thirdly,from the relationships among regularity,potential and physical formula,Yan Fu believed that the heaven which was the development of the universe and the humanity which is the development of human society have something in common in regularity and potential.From the "change"(???)of "Tao",Hu Shi introduced conform to the principles of natural life.About"The way of doing things is different because of time"(????).They took the social and individual as the starting point,from the universality of the universal regularity to deduce the universal regularity of humanity,they enriched metaphysical research.Fourthly,from the perspective of causality and the internal relation of Tao,Yan Fu emphasized the "Tao" as the first cause of the universe from the perspective of Chinese and Western philosophy.Liang Qichao regarded regularity of cause and effect as a manner of obtaining a rational knowledge.Their interpretation which was focuses on the "cause"(?)to "use"(?)of the causal relationship in Taoist thought was the metaphysical thinking to guide social practice.Fifth.in the "natural selection"(??)and the issue of Tao,it pointed out that "natural selection"(??)was the process of evolution and was also the operation of the Tao.Tao was the natural evolution of the total name,the truth of "natural selection" lying in the"self-transformation"and "their adaptive situation".Evolution was the result of trail of nature.Evolutionary thought was a special theory of modern Chinese metaphysics.Sixth,it explains the relationship between space and time.It reflected the absolute and relativity of space and time by the universe describing the Tao.Using the"nothing"(?)to explained the space problem,it reflected the impact of science on the theory of metaphysics.At last,it expounded the general characteristics of the Chinese modern metaphysics which focuses on the world of experience and on the integration of spiritual resources.The third chapter<Experience and Knowledge>,it analyzes the connotation and characteristics of Taoism in modern Chinese philosophy from four different perspectives.First,the subjective and objective problems exist in epistemology.Yan Fu pointed out the essence of the understanding of the problem which is the ????of subjective and objective by "TaoZheTongTao,DeZheTongDe"(????,????)interpretation;On the basis of this,Yan Fu distinguished the subjectivity and objectivity of cognition in the analysis of " Not enough Trust and Not believe"(???????).In the subjective and objective as the center,around the basic problem of philosophy,Yan Fu with the help of his Taoist thinking of“?”“?”“??”and so on illustrated the gist of idealistic philosophy by centering on the subjective and the objective,around the basic problem of Philosophy.And Liang Qichao was from the“????”of Tao where come to the problem of agnosticism of epistemology.Second,experience in the perspective of "Know by intuition" and "Know inference".Yan Fu pointed out that experience was a proven understanding which should be taken seriously in life.In this regard,Yan Fu distinguished between two kinds of understanding which are"Know by intuition""Know inference" from different sources."Know by intuition" refers to the feeling and experience,it mainly referring to the perceptual knowledge and also intellectual intuition."Know inference" refered to the rational knowledge.Yan Fu stressed that“Know inference" has two forms of inference which he called "Induction" and "Deduction"."Induction" was inductive,"Deduction" was deductive.Finally,he pointed out that the relationship between"Induction”and "Deduction" that all knowledge comes from "Know by intuition"Thirdly,it expounds the general problems of epistemology.First of all,Wang Guowei with Liezi's thought in the "The relationship between size and length"(??????),pointed out the objectivity of knowledge standards.The objectivity of knowledge pointed to the certainty of knowledge.This is the basic content of the theory of knowledge,therefore,knowledge standarding on the subjective random and unnatural which was epistemological taboo.Second,the limitations are about the understanding of words.On this issue,Tan Sitong believed that the name and the language had differences,so it was a sense of the boundaries of expression.Zhang Taiyan believed that "language" was subjective,so it was expressed by the understanding of subjectivity.Finally,it clarifies the normative issues of knowledge.Wang Guowei by Liezi skepticism,pointing out the knowledge that was knowledge necessary conditions had credibility in what sense?People accepted reasonably and licity what kind of knowledge?And so on.Fourth,it points out the contents of the knowledge that is the knowledge of "Knowledge about right and wrong"(?????)and genuine knowledge.The knowledge of "Knowledge about right and wrong"(?????)and genuine knowledge refered to the empirical knowledge and a priori knowledge.In summary,through excavating the connotation of Taoist thought,the most prominent feature of modern Chinese philosophy in the field of epistemology was the empiricism advocated by Yan Fu and the epistemological problems pursued by Wang Guowei compared with the ancient philosophy.This was related to the influence of positivism and scientific thought.The fourth chapter<The Clarification Of The Individual Value And Social Value>.it mainly from the individual value and social value of two levels excavates and analyzes the implication of value theory of Taoism.From the perspective of individual value,the inner spirit of Taoism can be the practical wisdom to guide individual action and contribute to the establishment of work.Zeng Guofan's practice of Taoism illustrated this point.Not only that,free artistic conception of "Life without any purpose"(?????)in Taoism can be opened to artistic individual life.In addition,Taoism's "The theory of De"(??)emphasized "high moral level in self,external nature is good"(?????),this "Private morality'" is that not only embodied the Taoist character,but also criticizes the old moral and alienated moral mean.On the social value level,in modern Chinese philosophy,Taoism had shown the practical application of the side.Wei Yuan regards Laozi as the book of salvation,and Yen Fu emphasizes the value of Laozi on ruling the country.Wang Guowei through the analysis of the "Letting the state be small and people few"(????)thinking,discussed the Taoist thought in political value and raises questions about political ideals and the manner of governing the country.Kang Youwei believed that the political system of the theory of "let the state be small and people few" thought.It can be seen that Taoism was helpful to the purification of politics.In addition to personal and social analysis of the Taoist thought value,the paper concludes that naturalism is the value of Taoism.The discussion of the value of Taoism also involves the distinction of value,function orientation and value choice.It has a certain significance to study the value of modern philosophy,and also enriches the value of modern Chinese philosophy to a certain extent.The fifth chapter<The Influence Of Taoist Thought On Political Philosophy concept>,totally elaborates three main problems.First,it obtains the theory of equality through the modern scholars' studies of the Taoist thought.From the perspective of interpersonal relationship,Tan Sitong pointed out the propositions of political equality and social equality with the help of Taoist interpretation of "benevolence”.Yan Fu explained the relationship between equality,freedom and cohesion,and excavates the ethical significance of equality by interpreting "Be great peace"(?????).Zhang Taiyan explained the equality in the "equality of things"(??)from the angle of man and man,man and animals and plants,man and objects.He believed that "Wuwu"(??)and theocracy which should be abandoned or even get rid of is a obstructive factor of equality.The above research deepens the theory of equality in Chinese modern political philosophy.Especially Zhang Taiyan's view of equality was not only different from the western theory of equality,but also took into account the relationship between the theory of equality and reality,In the Second,it discusses the relationship between the theory of freedom and the thought of Taoism in modern China.First of all,the relationship between people and people as a visual angle,Individual freedom problem was reflected in "Things follow their laws of development "(???????).It pointed out the significance of political governance to freedom.Secondly,based on the ";Letting Be and Letting Stand"(??),investigated the political state,pointed out that the country in the alienation is not the reason for of freedom.Finally,starting from the relation between things and the person pointed out that freedom was "Relying on nothing"(??)and“Self in freedom"(??).Third,the relationship between modern Chinese democratic theory and Taoist thought was excavated.First of all,from the "Leading them but not to master them"(????),"Life without any purpose"(?????),the interpretation of the way to achieve democracy.Secondly,it is pointed out that the "People of social bottom"(????,????)was the basis of democracy from Taoism.Finally,through the "Letting the state be small and people few"(????)interpretation of the truth and symbol of democracy.The equality,freedom and democracy in political philosophy were of great significance to the Enlightenment of modern Chinese society.In the conclusion,First of all,this paper briefly and Specifically summarizes the influence of Taoism on modern Chinese metaphysics.epistemology,value theory and political philosophy.Secondly,it clarifies the new idea of the thesis in the selection of the topic and the research angle of view and points out the various considerations in the logical framework of the thesis.Again,the paper illustrates the characteristics of the research methods and content.Comparison method is the most prominent research method in this paper.The interpretation of the same problem pays attention to the differences between ancient and modern,Chinese and Western Perspectives.This makes the logical level of the paper more distinct.This paper takes the modern Chinese philosophy as the main body,and takes the Taoism thought as the research object.As far as the core content is concerned,it focuses on the implication and characteristics of Taoism from the perspective of modern China in metaphysics,epistemology,value theory,and political philosophy.From the perspective of theory,takes the reverse into consideration of the impetus and influence of Taoist thought in modern Chinese philosophy.In other words,it is the meaning and the dimensions of the Taoist thought that contributed to the formation of the theoretical form and characteristics of modern Chinese philosophy.On this base,it points out the theoretical tension and the trend of the Taoist thought in the modern Chinese philosophy.Finally,it points out the existing problems of threshold in the related discussion among the Taoism religion,western philosophy and modern philosophy.