Mordern Newspaper Association And Growth Of The Public Cultural Space(1902-1937)

The journalism is a cultural industry of information production,processing and transmission,so the modern newspaper industry needs to make profits for survival and provide the public with cultural services,a newspaper association,as the newspaper industry organization,naturally has both commercial and ideological attributes,is both the industry association for industrial autonomy and the cultural organization which leads social activities.A newspaper association not only survives as the industry organization for contacting newspapermen,but also keeps in contact with the political,commercial,academic and industrial circles,and contains complex relations and variables of the press circles with governments,with commercial circles,with the civil society,and with a country.From the positioning of a newspaper association the social transmission hub,and by combining the activities of a newspaper association and the political environment and social transformation in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic period,the research aims to do up the formation reasons for and development process of newspaper association from different aspects in the theories of civil society,public domain,governance and game,and analyzes the growth of newspaper association and modern public cultural space and the construction of the public cultural fields based on the industry governance and mutual assistance,public communication and political participation of newspaper association.A modern newspaper association is initiated under the common action of diverse factors,such as the booming development of the newspaper industry,the newspaperman group's awareness,the emergence of modern chamber of commerce organizations.Governments attempt to strengthen the internal management of the newspaper industry and improve newspapermen's professional moral quality through newspaper associations,and also hopes to win the public support through newspaper associations.Newspaper offices,from the perspectives of industry assistance,information sharing,liaison mutual help,etc,actively participate in the founding of newspaper associations.Newspapermen,for pursuing spiritual destination and social recognition,actively promote the establishment of modern newspaper associations.Governments,newspaper offices and newspapermen,under the common action of many factors,enhance the establishment and development of modern newspaper associations.In the development process,newspaper associations have increased and enlarged their quantities and scales,intensified their social influences,and extended their functions from within.Newspaper associations follow the principles of contract,democracy and governance for conducting industry management,coordinating industry relationship and maintaining industry interests;communicate with governments,negotiate in boycotting news regulations,go against press censorship,and strive for the freedom of speech of the newspaper industry,and also train the public into the modern pubic with the national awareness.While striving from press freedom,newspaper associations transmit enlightenment thoughts,construct public opinions and enlarge social influences,and their transmission capacities and influences are recognized by all the social sectors which regard newspapers as "public instruments",newspapermen as "public servants"and newspaper associations as social information collection and transmission hubs.Trade,education and social groups keep in contact and communicating with newspaper associations,and attempt to publicize themselves through newspaper associations to realize their goals.Newspaper associations also collect information and opinions from the communication with social sectors to make the public communicate and discuss about social issues which win public concerns in the public platform of newspapers,form public opinions and report them back to a political state and civil society.In the construction process of public opinions,newspaper associations objectively promote the growth of the public cultural space,make social discussion from the private sphere into the public sphere,and also realize the convergence between cultural and political activities in the public sphere.In the public sphere,newspaper associations promote cultural discussions,participate in political activities,enhance the modernization transformation of the Chinese society,construct the modern public cultural field,and facilitate the modern cultural recognition.