The Research Of "Ten Xiling Wits" And Its Poetic Theory In The Late Ming And Early Qing Dynasty

"Ten Xiling Wits" is a famous group of literature in early Qing Dynasty in Hangzhou area,including Lu Qi,Mao Xianshu,Chai Shaobing,Shen Qian,Zhang Dan,Ding Peng,Sun Zhi,Chen Tinghui,Wu Baipeng and Yu Huanghao.They gain great achievements in verses,ditties,essays,phonology and philosophy and exerts great influence on the literary arena in early Qing Dynasty."Ten Xiling Wits" keep company with Chen Zilong,Wu Weiye,Gu Yanwu,Chen Weisong,Song Wan,Wang Shizhen,Wei Xi and others.Spurred on by "Ten Xiling Wits",Hangzhou has become a renowned literary center in the southeast literary word.Gu Zuyu said:"Talents emerge in large numbers.Xiling is particularly prosperous,which is adored by YunJian and Loudong.The essay focuses on"Ten Xiling Wits" and its poetic theory.Based on a comprehensive summarization on original documents of "Ten Xiling Wits",this article start with two aspects:on the one hand,makes further study on the poetic theory of "Ten Xiling Wits",in order to explore the modification of Classicist School's poetic theory,and make case analysis of the poetry of "Ten Xiling Wits"'s poems trying to show the unique artistic features;on the other hand,investigate "Ten Xiling Wits" under the perspective of the regional culture,the politics between the Ming and Qing dynasties,the popular literary styles to reveal the reasons for the formation of "Ten Xiling Wits"'s literary view.Finally,this paper examines the influence of "Ten Xiling Wits",meanwhile roughs out the volution of the poetry of Hangzhou from the early Qing Dynasty to Jiaqing period.The thesis consists of five chapters.The introduction of this paper offers an overview of "Ten Xiling Wits"'s literary achievements and their status and illustrates the significance of this topic.Then,it describes research overview of "Ten Xiling Wits",tries to find out the insufficiency and expounds the research ideas and methods.The first chapter reviews the formation of "Ten Xiling Wits" and the extraction,life and works of each member.It includes four parts.The first part makes a detailed textual research of "Ten Xiling Wits"'s friendship,formation,establishment time,poetic objectives and elaborates the characteristics of "Xiling Style".The second to the fourth part researches what the local culture,the politics between the Ming and Qing dynasties and the popular literary styles do to "Ten Xiling Wits".The second part studies the relationship between "Ten Xiling Wits" and cultural tradition of Hangzhou.The beautiful scenery and the prosperous commerce and entertainment help "Ten Xiling Wits" develop the value of seclusion and the poetic tendency of graceful bearing and gorgeousness.Therefore,they prefer Tang poems to Song poems.The third part investigates the relationship between "Ten Xiling Wits" and the politics between the Ming and Qing dynasties.Faced with the obscenities of Manchu troops,most of "Ten Xiling Wits" take an uncooperative attitude and refuse to be an official.However,as time goes by,most of them start to accept the Qing government under the government's policy of kindness and sternness and the value of cosiness.Accordingly,their poems are more elegant,which is in deep contrast with the shrill poetry style of the adherent poets in Yuezhong.The fourth part discusses the companionship between 'Ten Xiling Wits" and Yunjian School.Chen Zilong has made great effort to guide and help "Ten Xiling Wits" when he takes office in Shaoxing."Ten Xiling Wits" hold "Pre-Post Seven Learned Men"'s poetic theory in esteem and advocate blandness and gorgeousness which is the same with Yunjian School.The second chapter studies the extraction,life and writings of "Ten Xiling Wits".Most members of "Ten Xiling Wits" are from a literary family,which have numerous and well-known poets;in addition,"Ten Xiling Wits" has experienced the dynastic change of Ming and Qing dynasties.Therefore,investigating their family and life and showing its family tradition and special life experiences,has important value for the research on "Ten Xiling Wits"'s poetic theory."Ten Xiling Wits" are dedicated to writing,and writes lots of great works.This chapter combs and verifies their writings to clarify the preservation and lost of their writings and display and lay the foundation for the study of poetic theory.The third chapter researches the poetic theory of "Ten Xiling Wits".Most of the scholars regard "Ten Xiling Wits" as the successor of "Pre-Post Seven Learned Men"."Ten Xiling Wits" indeed inherit the poetic theory of Revivalist in Ming Dynasty to some extent.However,they also makes many breakthroughs which is the research emphases of this paper.This chapter includes three parts.The first part mainly introduces "Ten Xiling Wits"'s inheritance and modification of Revivalist in Ming Dynasty.In view of the malpractice of simulation,"Ten Xiling Wits" not only stress the lyricism,but also object to stylistic mode above emotion.Still,on the basis of emotion,"Ten Xiling Wits" pay high attention to stylistic mode.They emphasize forgetting the means by which the end is attained,which is different from "Pre-Post Seven Learned Men"'s simulation and embodies distinct subjective spirit.The second part investigates "Ten Xiling Wits"'s criticism on poems before Ming Dynasty in order to explore their Poetic opinionings.Although "Ten Xiling Wits" continues the viewpoint of Poetry degeneration which is proposed by Revivalist in Ming Dynasty,they takes actual creation rather than age priority as evaluation standard.There are many difference between "Ten Xiling Wits" and"Pre-Post Seven Learned Men" in the evaluation of poetry of the past dynasties.For example,"Ten Xiling Wits”think Ban Jieyu's poems are better than Zhuo Wenjun's and Ruan Ji's poems precede Ji Kang's,according to the standard of blandness.Unlike"Pre-Post Seven Learned Men"'s contemptuous attitude,"Ten Xiling Wits" give a high appraisal to the Six Dynasties'Poetry and Late-Tang poems.Although "Ten Xiling Wits"also depreciate Song and Yuan Dynasties' poetry,but they take a much more rational and relaxed attitude.The three part researches the poetic theory of Mao Xianshu.Mao Xianshu is the most outstanding scholar of poetics among "Ten Xiling Wits",whose Shi Bian Di occupies an important position in the history of poetic in the early Qing Dynasty.Mao Xianshu has thought deeply about the malpractices of "Pre-Post Seven Learned Men",Gong An School and Jingling School and establishes his own poetics system on the basis of the compromise of various factions.He also maintains that romantic love will not interfere with elegant lgitimism,which is a new way aiming at the rectification of"Pre-Post Seven Learned Men"'s plagiarism,Gong An School's vulgarism and Jingling School's desolation.The fourth chapter investigates the poems of "Ten Xiling Wits" in order to further explore their poetic theory.Mao Xianshu,Zhang Dan,Shen Qian and Ding Peng all insist to call for renaissance and learn Tang Poetry,but they present different poetic styles.This chapter is made up of four parts.The first part researches Mao Xianshu's poetry.He respects Han-Wei and Prime Tang Dynasty,and thus his poems are passionate and plangent.Also,he praises highly Qi-Liang and late Tang Dynasty and creats lots of poems about love.His quatrains are particularly fresh and fluent,which has won high recognition in the early Qing Parnassus.The second part analyses Zhang Dan's poetry.Zhang Dan has experienced the turmoil in his early years,and thus has sympathetic chord with Du Fu.His early poems are highly similar to Du Fu's poems both in subject and artistic style.In his old age he is comfortably situated and learns more about the poetry of Wang Wei.Hence his poems show tranquil and bright.Zhang Dan often adopts Five-character-ancient-verse to record traveling trails and the Suffering people's livelihood.His traveling poems rouse general admiration by virtue of distinctive characteristic.The third part studies Shen Qian's poetry.Shen Qian was born in a rich family but went bankrupt when middle-aged.Due to the influence of Yunjian Literary School and Lu Qi,Shen Qian has imitated Han-Wei and Du Fu's poems.However,owing to the sensitive and sad character,Shen Qian's poetry always present downhearted and desolate,which is similar to Dali and late Tang Poetry.His Seven-word formal poem is the highest in poetic achievement,which has been widely praised for implicitness and fluency.The third part discusses Ding Peng's poetry.Ding Peng has gained respect by virtue of erotic poems in his early years.When middle-aged,Ding Peng becomes an official in Beijing,thus his poems turn to elegance.Only a few years later,Ding Peng is exiled to the Northeast Area because of the imperial examination fraud.Ding Peng's personality and mentality has experienced from fear and repression to ease in the course of exile,which is intertwined with gentleness and resentment.The harsh climate and magnificent landscape made his works show the unique artistic charm.The fifth chapter mainly introduces the influence of:Ten Xiling Wits".As the leader of Hangzhou parnassus,"Ten Xiling Wits" have exerted a far-reaching influence to the post studies.This chapter not only combs the influence of "Ten Xiling Wits",but also outlines the evolution of Hangzhou poetry from Shunzhi to Jiaqing Dynasty,which has important significance in the study of Zhejiang School.It includes four parts.The first part investigates "Post Ten Xiling Wits",which includes Hong Sheng,Xu Fengji,Wu Yunjia,Li Yanze,Qian Huang,Yu Shibiao,Shen Yongji,Chen Yu,Ding Wenheng and Zhanglu.They are the most excellent poets in second-generation of Hangzhou.Most of "Post Ten Xiling Wits" study under "Ten Xiling Wits" and carry on their poetic theory sunch as returning to the ancients,respecting tang poems and admiring elegance.Meantime,they not only eliminate the archaism,but also learn the Song poetry.The second part studies the less glamorous post-studies such as "Four Qiantang Wits","Eight Dongjiang Wits".They promote the Hangzhou parnassus boom with "Post Ten Xiling Wits".This part introduces their life,master and poetic theory.The third part discusses Li E's inheritance and innovation to "Post Ten Xiling Wits".As the leader of the third-generation of Hangzhou,Li E has made a big change of the reaationary poetic theory of the Xiling seniors.Just the same,he has inherited a lot of poetic theory from "Post Ten Xiling Wits".Li E is in close contact with "Post Ten Xiling Wits" in his early years,thus he admires Tang Poetry,"the four poets at Yong-jia" and Chen Yuyi,and pursues elegance,which is completely different from poets of East Zhejiang.The fourth part studies Zhu Peng-led Baoshantang Poets.As the leader of the fourth-generation of Hangzhou,Zhu Peng is dissatisfied with the poetic style of Song-advocacy and calls for the Tang poetic style which was once advocated by "Ten Xiling Wits".The paper finally has five appendices:Lineage,Chronicle,Acquaintances,Anthology,the scattered poems and articles of "Ten Xiling Wits".