From Hand Drawing Education To Academic Art Education-the Transformation Of Normal Art Education From The Late Qing Dynasty And The Early Republic Of China

During the period of late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China,normal art education forms two typical models.The first model—hand drawing education—has absorbed Japanese art education.Its faculty structure,curriculum set,education thoughts and education practice took shape from Japanese normal education model.And the typical representative is Ruiqing Li and Liangjiang Normal School,Shutong Li and Zhejiang NO.1 Normal School,Zikai Feng and Shanghai Normal College.The first one,while,initiated hand drawing education in the late Qing Dynasty,which established its basic educational system and thoughts;Shutong Li,Zikai Feng and their schools introduced pioneering sketch teaching,furthermore,they enriched teaching contents and connotation of hand drawing education.As a result,they colored the Aesthetic Education and Personality Education for hand drawing education.All in all,these three normal art schools developed painting&handworking education models,which provided systematic protection for the artistic teacher training in late Qing.The second model is an academic art education,mainly imitating the ideas of European normal art education,which consisted in the absorption of realistic educational thoughts under the influence of western intellectual trend of socialism.The typical representative are Beihong Xu and western painting of National Central University.And,this university whose purpose is to educate artistic teachers,was the earliest artistic teacher training school during the early Republic of China.Beihong Xu transplanted the educational ideas and thoughts from France Academy of Arts.Gradually,western painting terms of Art Major of the Education Department of National Central University witnessed the establishment of realistic curriculum system,realistic teachers structure and realistic teaching practice which is methodical,normalized and scientific,hence,“college”almost came true and the Chinese academy of arts education model established.This model became so-called art education system in college,under the collective effort of Beihong Xu and his students in the period of the Republic of China and PRC.Consequently,it turned into the dominant model in Chinese modern art education in college.Basically,these two normal arts education models represented the major normal arts education modes.Not only have they offered the protection for the cultivation of teachers,but also educational ideas have given templates for the development of education.But the aim of hand painting education is to faster the teachers of middle and primary school.And the feature of normal nature was reflected clearly in the late Qing Dynasty.However,the education model of western painting terms of Art Major of the Education Department of National Central University,in the following development,reflected the trend changing from the education of artistic teachers to professional painters.Meanwhile the character of normal nature is fading gradually.Meanwhile,the transformation which began from hand drawing education model to academy of arts education became historical inevitability during the late Qing.Moreover,the inevitability mainly reflected in two significant time points.The country to learn foreign culture began to change from Japan to Europe,including the destination and study aims of overseas students,which took place in the tense dispute with Japan during the WWI in 1919 and the dissemination of science and democracy trend in the May 4~thh New Culture Movement.Chinese gate towards western scientific ideological trend was opened by the establishment of the Nationalist government in 1928,the presentation of educational tenet characterized by the three principles of people,the abandonment of educational gist about moral education,aesthetic education and worldview whose main figure is Yuanpei Cai and the introduce and dissemination about western scientific trend by overseas students.With walking on the path of academic art education in realism under the guide of western intellectual trend of scientism,Normal art education,on this background,became the historical inevitability in the driven by scientific ideological trend.