Research On Dunhuang Esoteric Belief In Ghosts And Gods

Tantric amanusya belief is an important part of buddhism divinities belief.According to the Buddhist documents preserved in Dunhuang,Dharma amanusya belief was very popular in the Tang and Song dynasties.It was an important object of worship of the people.From the doctrine of speaking,the tantric divinities system can divided into Buddha,Bodhisattva,Vajra,Deva and amanusya.Tantric Protectors mainy includes Vajra,Deva and amanusya.However,affected by the ancestors of the Han ancestors worship and the mahayana deivinites influence,Deva and amanusya comment term Ashta gatyah.Other from the deva and amanusya separate out to the hell divinities.Thus formed Dunhuang tantrics amanusya divine three categories:Vajra and vidyaraja,Ashta gatyah,hell divinities.These tanric amanusya beliefs are mainly based on the"Circulation chapter","Dharani chapter"," amanusya chapter " in the Mahayana classic and tantic Sutras.Believers can use the sutra,mantra,mandala,poetry,read divinities name,music,diet and other means to support the divinities.The divinities can protect the country,protect the believersbody,eliminate Disaster and Increase blessing.Vajra and vidyaraja from the Dharma Protectors guhyapada vajra.In the period of tantric Buddhism,Vajra and vidyaraja formed a great category of Buddhist devinities system.Dunhuang is major popular guhyapada vajra,Ucchusma,Mahabala,Kanikrodha and other Vajra faith In theory,these Vajra and vidyara-ja are the anger incarnation of buhddha,Bodhisattva and Vajra.They assume the function crushed heretic,exorcisms and typing the ghosts.However,from Dunhuang tantric rituals and tantric ideology,it is mainly the product of the development of Mahayana Dharani faith.From the Vajra beseech text vidyaraja beseech text,mahayaksapati beseech text and mantra beseech text,there is a close relationship between divinities and mantra.These rituals are centered on incant mantras,and buddha fundamental mantra and Bodhisattva fundamental mantra can be converted into anger vidyaraja.Ashta gatyah is the traditional Dharma procters.Among them Deva is the principai part,eight amanusya is the subordinate.There is major popular Brahma,sakra,prthividevata,vaisravana,Dragon king and other deva faith in Dunhuang.These divinities faith are mainly based on the Mahayana sutra,and tantric sutra for ritual supplement.These divinities mainly have definite function,in charge for the stars run,raining,luck or disasters.These funciton and people's lives are closely related,then made a close ties with the imperial power of Han area.Officials and common people who hold Buddhist event,all Deva is supported.The ritual is not limited to tantric.Hell divinities is the Sinicize Buddhism divinities category.It takes the ghost beliefs as the core.On the one hand,to save the preta as the center,worships the yama,hell adjudicator,kind boy god,evil boy god and yamaraksasa.People can copying scriptures,read dharani,poetry praise,dedicated food and water etc,to eliminate the crime of the preta.These ritual can save the preta,make them go to the heaven and west pour land.On the one hand,to wanquishthe evil ghost as the center.People use mantra,Fu-Yin,read god name and others way,to expel evil ghost and eliminate disaster.It concentrated performance of deportation the Sickness-causing ghost in Dunhuang.As far as the tantric protectors belief influences,it has a closely related to the Han areas religious beliefs.Taoism divinities outlook and ritual enriches the tantric system It also stipulate and mould the chinization of the tanric divinities belief Confucianism tradition religious view establishment the contact between tantric divinities belief and society upper calss.It found appropriate a way between the tantic divinities and civil authorities.Folk beliefs have the characteristics of secularization,utilitarian and non-morality,it is a natural fit with the tantric belief Han areas folk beliefs is fundamentally to decide the tantric spread form.