Research On The Strategy Of Qing Dynasty's War Of Resistance Against Yakub-Beg Aggression

In the beginning of Tongzhi's rule,the uprising of the Nian army,Taiping army and Hui army hit parts of Jianghuai region and Qinlong region.There was a rebellion in Xinjiang affected by this and Mohammad Yaqub Beg took the opportunity to invade in the third year of Tongzhi(????,1864).The next year,he occupied Urumqi,five years later,he merged the south and north of the Tianshan mountains.The watch houses outside Shanhaiguan broke off communication with each other.Besides,the Ili area was captured by Russia.After Taiping army and Nian were defeated,In the first year of Guangxu's rule(????,1875),the Qing Dynasty recovered Xinjiang after a bloody battle.This battle was a great victory in resisting foreign aggression in the Qing Dynasty.Therefore,it is of great significance to sum up its strategy of military,money raising,grain raising and transportation.Military aspect: The first thing they did was to improve the army.First of all,they eliminated the weak soldiers,retained the strong soldiers,eliminated the generals who are very weak and improve the weapons and equipment,so as to improve the combat effectiveness of the army.The second was to rectify military discipline and severely punished those generals who were not correct in their tactics,falsely collared soldier's pay,massacred and slaughtered the innocent at will and led corrupt lives.Finally,they strengthened training and punished officers with lax military service and low military quality.After rectification,they raised an elite army of the western expedition with a total of 98 battalions,the main force of nearly 60,000 people.The second is to take measures that both attack and pull together,from the northern region to the southern region.Divided and disintegrated the enemy,first recovered the enemy's weak defensive north road,then south.The two sides had not only worried about the future,but also stopped the collusion between Russia and Afghanistan.Third,advanced slowly and fought quickly.Before the war,they carefully planned,carefully prepared,and not to fight the battle of uncertainty.In wartime,they gathered their troops to win at the shortest possible time and not fight a protracted war.With the assistance of the people's groups such as Zhao Xingti from Sha Shanzi,Xu Xuegong from Urumqi and the remaining Qing army in taicheng,Altai,etc.from April,1876 to November 1877,the western expedition,through the northern offensive,Tianshan offensive,and the southern offensive,annihilated the forces of agoubai.In 1881,backed by force,they renegotiated and forced Russia to return most of the territory of Ili.At this point,the whole territory of Xinjiang was restored.Money raising aspect: From the related four-phase reimbursement forms,the lower limit of the fees for the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region can be calculated at about 45.4028 million.Together with other costs that have not been properly handled,the total amounts to more than 50 million.The bank is mainly funded by the household department,the provinces and customs agencies,taxes and donations,and loans.Among them,household allocation is an important source.In order to ensure the smooth exit of the army,they have to loan foreign funds although there are high interest abuse.Besides,the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.Grain raising aspect: According to the bill at that time,a total of 5.5846 million yuan of silver was used to support and distribute grain,rice noodles,wheat and firewood,and 40 million Jin of grain was stored.The main sources of grain are the local procurement,the harvest of tuntian,Hexi,koubei,Ningxia and Russia.The main measures to raise grain are: first,to set up a general grain transport station in Suzhou,and later,according to Zuo Zongtang's proposal to set up a Bureau in Hami,barkun,sub-division transport and send.Second,in Hubei,Bali Kun,Xi'an and other places to set up grain distribution station.In addition,there are 25 Wood and grain Bureaus and 47 Wood and grain stations.As the number of troops increased,the pressure on grain and grass supply increased,and the Qing government also took emergency measures such as dispersing food and moving troops along with grain.Transportation aspect: At that time,there were two main transportation routes into Xinjiang: the northern estuary-Mongolia transport line and the Hexi corridor transport line.Zhangjiakou area is the starting point of the transportation line between Gubei and Mongolia,which is both a gathering place for grain and money,as well as a place for people.Hexi corridor transport line is from Lanzhou,through Hexi corridor,to Jiayuguan,Anxi over the Gobi to Hami,the Tianshan into the barkun,ancient city.The route uses the combination of official,civil and commercial transportation.The main problems of transport are: first,there are loopholes in the transport network.The number of stations is lacking,and the division of jurisdiction is unreasonable.Second,the grain routes have been plundered repeatedly.The return army often plundered the Qing army transport line,which was not spared.Third,the transport capacity is low.Due to the frequent lack of means of transport and other problems,so that the station can not play its due effect.Fourth,the help desk should not be bad.Due to arrears of wages,repeated abuse,Taiwan station staff enthusiasm is not high.In the face of huge capacity needs,the capacity situation is not optimistic.On the road from Liangzhou to Suzhou,only 2,000 vehicles can be allocated at the station,with an average of only over 100 vehicles per 100 Li.It is difficult to buy camels outside the border,Mongolia and the northern part of the country.In the twelfth year of Tongzhi(1873),Zuo Zongtang proposed to purchase 3000 camels,and in fact only 600 camels.The Qing government has taken a number of measures: first,to upgrade the transportation capacity of Hexi and Ningxia by renovating roads,purchasing transport vehicles and clearing river channels.Second,through the establishment of grain station,a reasonable division of jurisdiction,to enhance Mongolia and Xinjiang transport capacity.Third,use civil and commercial transport to enhance transport capacit.Fourth,establish specialized transport agencies to assist in the transit.Fifth,take measures such as strict management,clear reward and punishment to improve transport efficiency and the enthusiasm of relevant personnel.In the Qing Dynasty,the strategy of the ancient cypress was still successful although there are still problems such as the immaturity of the strategy of military struggle,the unreasonable establishment of coordinating bodies,and the shortcomings in the practice of food raising and transportation.After the Qing army changed its former appearance,it liberated the northern Xinjiang by fighting,and the southern Xinjiang collapsed,and the southern and northern Tianshan mountains returned smoothly.