The Contemporary Tibetan Local Cultural Adaptation From The Perspective Of Tibetans

The unique climatic environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau determines the closeness of Tibetan traditional local culture.Bon and Tibetan Buddhism had been the Tibetans' spiritual support for a long time.The religion not only dominated Tibetans' material realm,but also it penetrated deeply into the spiritual realm.At the the same time,it was accomplying with the extremely low productivity of traditional Tibetan society.Tibetan society had undergone the transformation from the feudal agricultural and pastoral era to the development model of socialism with Chinese characteristics.This had accompanied by cultural transformation with the new local culture containing the old cultural factors.The coexistence of tradition and modernity is the basic law of the contemporary Tibetan local cultural development.Therefore,taking Shigatse as an example,studying the contemporary Tibetan local cultural adaptation from the perspective of Tibetans has important theoretical and practical significance.Based on cultural adaptation theories,using literature research methods,participatory observation methods,interview methods,questionnaire methods,cognitive map methods,modern statistical analysis methods,and GIS technology,etc.,The scientific issues include what kind of adaptive changes have taken place from the perspective of Tibetans,how are the Tibetans' cultural cognition and adaptation,and how the spatial express their cultural cognition and adaptation in contemporary society.The full artcle is divided into seven chapters.Chapter two is to construct the theoretical framework of the modern local cultural adaptive mode at the perspective of Tbetan people;Related empirical analysis are the contemporary Tibetan local cultural change,cultural cognition,cultural adapatation,and spatial environmental cognition and adaptation as well as its influencing factors.Main research conclusions:(1)Contemporary Tibetan local cultures are composed of traditional local culture and modern local culture.The interaction between traditional local culture and modern local culture is realized through different cognition and adaptation.The Tibetans are not only the main body of the Tibetan local cultural adaptation system,but also the purpose of the Tibetan local cultural adaptation.The Tibetans play a main role in connecting the cultural change,cognition,adaptation,space cognition and adaptation and its mechanisms.Tibetan people can also restruct culture to achieve the goal of renewing culture,shaping,borrowing and resisting some modern culture,and have a ripple effect of adherence to the Tibetan traditional local culture.As a complex self-organizing system,Tibetan local cultural adaptative system promotes the critical phase change of the cultural adaptative system through internal and external mechanisms,and boosts the coordination among people and culture,different cultures,as well as culture and environment.(2)The physical culture,institutional culture,behavioral culture and mental culture of Tibetan local culture undergo a certain degree of modern local cultural transformation,while maintaining traditional local cultural characteristics to a certain extent.This aims to pursue the sustainability of contemporary Tibetan local cultural development and it is also to shape the local contexts with Tibetan cultural characteristics.(1)The physical culture characterizes by the physical environment,production methods,residence,diet and clothing has the relationship of intergenerational inheritance,regional and field production of space,and also reflects the inertia effect of cultural change.(2)Since the democratic reforms in Tibet,the change in the division of labor,the diversification of occupations,the secularization of Tibetan Buddhism,the establishment of monastic management systems,and the transformation of Tibetan economic development model have demonstrated the autonomy and cultural awareness of institutional and cultural changes.The presence of traditional etiquette shows that Tibetans follow Tibetan traditional local cultural etiquette very much.Folk traditional etiquette culture is a small tradition,and small traditional culture is hidden and not easy to change.(3)The Tibetans have formed cultural adaptation in affection,behavior and cognition to traditional and modern festivals,which reflects the interactive transformation of behavior and cultural changes.(4)The Tibetans' adaptation to the absolute beliefs and relative changes of Tibetan Buddhism reflects the dialectical narrative process of “persistence to tradition” and “reconstruction of tradition” of coexistence between interactive transformation and cultural inertia.Meantime,the Tibetans have a religious secular tendency towards religious beliefs.The Tibetans believe that economic transformation,social transformation,institutional change,globalization,modernization,and psychological changes are adaptive mechanisms of local cultural changes in contemporary Tibet.(3)Daily life,traditional preservation,modern festivals,social interactions and religious beliefs express a reasonable order between contemporary Tibetan local traditions and modern cultures.The Tibetans' cultural cognition is still largely biased towards traditional local cultural awareness.It is the construction of self-identity determined by the path dependence and the self-constructed traditional cultural acceptance,opportunities,social background,experience,and dialogue empowerment.It suggests the self-identity,behavior,attitude,and sense of belonging of the Tibetan traditional local culture.The cultural cognition of the Tibetans reflects the mixed characteristics of cultural cognition in daily life,traditional preservation,modern festivals,social interaction and religious beliefs.Because cultural identity is both a psychological and social process,the implicit and explicit cultural cognitions of daily life,traditional preservation,modern festivals,social interaction,and religious beliefs collectively embody high traditional cultural cognitions,medium traditional / modern cultural cognition and high modern cultural cognition can coexist.It mainly suggests the realization of identity cognition,cultural acquisition,value internalization,and communication.This is endogenous to cultural knowledge and life experience.It also reflects the moderating effect of cultural identity on the conversion effect of cultural framework.Tibetans' knowledge of the traditional and modern culture of Tibetan local cultures fully implies the dialectical unity among the natural and unnatural,typical and atypical,endogenous and exogenous forces,positive and negative effects,path dependence and path creation,self-concept disorder and self-concept reconstruction,as well as material pursuit and spiritual enjoyment.In fact,the cultural cognition of Tibetans is affected by the combination of individual psychological response and social development.Demographic characteristics,psychological responses,the impact of modern culture,and the constraints of traditional culture are the internal factors.While the economic transformation,social transformation,institutional change,the role of globalization,and the development of modernization are the external factors.(4)Tibetans' adaptation to contemporary Tibetan local culture is a response to changes in Tibetan local culture,and it is also a dynamic process caused by the Tibetans' constant exchanges between the traditional local culture and modern Tibetan culture are embodied in terms of affection,behavior and cognition.Generally,studies have shown that there are seven cultural adaptative strategies: integration,assimilation,separation,marginalization,tending to modern cultural adaptation,tending to traditional cultural adaptation and the cultural adaptative type that cannot be classified.The Tibetans' cultural adaptative strategy tends to the mixing state between the modern and traditional cultures.Some Tibetans still have a large proportion of the traditional cultural adaptation.In addition,there are surface and deep differences of cultural adaptation.Cultural adaptation is the learning,stress-coping,cognitive and recovery process.The Tibetans' cultural and adaptive differences in the affective and cognitive dimensions of the Tibetan traditional and modern culture are more complex than the behavioral cultural adaptative differences.There are direct and intermediary effects on the Tibetans' cultural adaptive differences.It is because the cultural adaptation is a result,and it also is a process.Cultural adaptation has the characteristics of phase,elasticity,path locking and stable balance.(5)Tibetans' spatial environmental cognition and adaptation are differences focusing on the Tibetan local culture to explain human-land relationships.Tibetans' cognition and adaptation to the changing material environment characterizes the space environment as a symbol,meaning,and image.This is specifically represented in the landscape quality,leisure and recreation,services and consumption facilities,cultural facilities,liveability and national characteristics.The Tibetans' adaptation to the spatial environment shows that the local cultural embeddedness.As well as the temporal and spatial continuity of Tibetan culture has an unconscious guiding effect on the cultural cognition and adaptation.The spatial environmental cognition presents two types of circle structure mode and mixed structure mode.Tibetans' spatial environmental cognition has consistent and differential cognitive space.It suggests the interaction between the Tibetans and the spatial environment.This closely integrates people and place by their personal,regional and cultural power.The connection between the Tibetans and the spatial environment also implies the processes and results of the social construction.