Literary Ecology Research In The Late Qing Dynasty And The Republic Of China

As a typical modern city during the Republic of China,the modern transformation of Qingdao has always been a topic of great research value.Since the occupation by Germany in 1898,Qingdao has gradually developed from a small fishing village at the seaside into a modern metropolis.The modernization construction of the economy,traffic transportation,culture,education and public health construction made Qingdao an important economic trade center in Shandong Province and even in China.With the modernization construction,Qingdao became an important metropolis during the Republic of China period.In line with the modernized process of Qingdao,Chinese literature has showed considerable diversity and complexity in the transition process from classicism to modernity,which formed the unique literature ecological status of Qingdao.The foreign literati represented by the groups of adherents of the Qing Dynasty and the group of university professors and writers,together with the local literary and artistic circles of Qingdao,jointly created the literature ecological status of Qingdao during the period of the late Qing and Republic of China.The current studies focused on the activities and influence of new-literature authors,but ignored the value and significance of local literature ecology.The local literati authors and children writers also played a very important role in the transformation process of modern literature.Their growth and transformation created a unique literature and culture ecological status with Qingdao characteristics,which had important practical significance.In order to prove the conclusion,the thesis is divided into the following four chapters:Chapter 2 focuses on the activities of groups of adherents of the Qing Dynasty in Qingdao and attempts to explain the important role of the adherents in the construction of Qingdao's literature ecological status.With the collapse of Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China,Qingdao has become the main habitation of adherents of Qing Dynasty because of its special geographic location,relatively comfortable living environment and German asylum policy,such as Lao Naixuan,Liu Tingchen,Zhou Fu,Wang Xu.Influenced by traditional and new-fashioned culture and ideas,the adherents chose different life.Some elders were committed to the monarchy restoration,making Qingdao the center of political restoration activities while some were engaged into Chinese-Western cultural exchanges to promote the overseas spread of Confucian classics and the enlightening of their thoughts.The rest of the adherents went to work for the new regime after a short stay at Qingdao,or lived in seclusion.Chapter 3 discusses the new-literature activities centered on the National Qingdao / Shandong University,including the literature creation and education by professors and writers,and the university students' literary activities.When the National Qingdao University was established in 1930,Yang Zhensheng served as the principal.In 1932,after the outbreak of the student movement,the National Qingdao University was renamed the National Shandong University,and Zhao Taimou succeeded the principal.Modern writers such as Wen Yiduo,Liang Shiqiu,Shen Congwen,Wu Boxiao,Lao She and Hong Shen successively went to teach there.The modern education concept of the two principals and the new-literature creation and educational activities of the "Crescent School" professor writers group have promoted the vigorous development of students' literature activities on campus.The activities of students' literature communities,together with the professors and writers,constituted the literature ecological status in the university,which activated the local literary atmosphere in Qingdao,and contributed to the construction of the literature ecological status in Qingdao.Chapter 4 attempts to present the literature creation and edition of the local literati in Qingdao based on newspaper literary supplements and publications.Current academic research has ignored the significance and role of local literati in the development of Qingdao's literature when attention was paid to the literary creation of the professors and writers of National Qingdao / Shandong University.Outside the university campus,it is important to discover how local literati constructed Qingdao's local literature circles through engaging in literary creation and editing literary and art supplements.As a carrier of local citizen literature,literature supplements and publications have witnessed the growth of local literati,which served as an important part of Qingdao's literature ecological status.Chapter 5 mainly discovers children's discourse on local children's literature supplements and the establishment of children's literature in Qingdao.In the 1930 s,Children and Children's Paradise were the two longest-lasting supplements in various literature supplements in Qingdao.They were mainly dedicated to publishing children's literary works,supplemented by adult children's literary creations and translation of some foreign children's literature works.The two children's supplements paid special attention to the expression of children's discourse,provided children with much space to express truly and completely.Children's works in the supplements mainly expressed their awakening of modern consciousness,which made an important part of Qingdao's literary ecology during the Republic of China period,and also an important part of modern Chinese literature.The prosperity of children's creation and thee improvements of children's status were closely connected with highly valued attention on children and primary education by Qingdao government,and social careers about fostering children.