The "Consciousness Of Closed-loop" Of Ancient Disaster Response And Its Modern Enlightenment To "Crisis-ends"

From the dual dimensions of fact and value,the crisis has natural(physical)and social(value)properties,and the damages it causes contain physical and value aspects.So the “Crisis-ends” should also contain those two aspects.But in modern society,on the one hand,with the advent of the era of new media,there are more and more people,who called “uncertain public”,related but have no direct interest demands in crisis,and people's value damages in crisis become more and more generic;On the other hand,the research and practice of modern crisis management pay much attention to the repair of physical damages in crisis,while neglect the existence of value damages.The value damages,accumulate as the “sequela” of crisis,are questioning the validity of modern crisis management and constantly brewing new potential public opinion crisis.As the first keyword of this article,"Crisis-ends" could be defined from three dimensions.Firstly,"Crisis-ends" is the ultimate goal of crisis management,which exists in the whole process of crisis management.Secondly,"Crisis-ends" is not the end of the event or state of crisis but the crisis sense of people.Thirdly,the ideal goal of "Crisis-ends" is the recovery of people's sense of order,which not only contains the end of physical damages but also the recovery of value damages.In general,relative to the natural properties of crisis,the article emphasis the social properties of crisis and especially focus on the end of people's crisis sense,namely the recovery of the hurts of people.In terms of people's hurts,this article also pays more attention to its value aspects.In this article,the "Crisis-ends" is discussed in a historical perspective.Mark Twain once said,"History never repeats,but always rhymes".It means that as the environment is always changing,the material conditions and human resources which can be used are different even in face of the same situation.But on the other hand,people's behavior inevitably have the brand of the past because of the influence of common historical memory and social consciousness,the accumulation and precipitation of thought and wisdom,as well as the culture.So it is necessary and important to solve some basic problems of modern crisis management by taking history as a mirror and mining Chinese traditional emergency wisdom.Ancient China was called "the land of famine",and frequent natural disasters caused great physical and value damages to people.The author found that both the sense-making and behavior response to disasters in ancient China have a sense of "Closed-loop" which is very necessary to the “Crisis-ends”.In terms of sense-making,firstly,it is conducted on the value field,which strengthens and restores the political and social value.The sense-making of disaster in ancient society occurred within the framework of "Heaven-human Induction".Everyone established a direct correlation with the occurrence of disaster in aim to increase the control over disasters.Based on the "Heaven-human Induction" and the fear of the heaven,the ruling class in the political field regarded the disaster as a warning against the loss of their virtue and the loss of governance.The disasters became the opportunity of the ruling class to reflect on morality and innovation.Meantime,based on the "Heaven-human Induction" and the fear of the heaven,the mass in the social field also attributed the disaster to their improper behavior which may be impious,unchaste,or not diligent and thrifting.They took the disaster as the result of god's wrath to their behavior and took the opportunity to self-renewal.Secondly,the sense-making in ancient China was unstable either in political nor in social field,but they formed a super-stable state as a whole.In the political field,although the disaster was attributed to the fault of the ruling class,the immediate victims of the disaster were the general public,which gave the general public the natural legitimacy of the uprising and increased the instability of political field.In the social field,the exacerbation of the famine resulted in the extreme lack of material resources,and the need of survival forced the victims to make difficult value deviation,resulting in the collapse of social value system,which is the so-called "Food and clothing sufficient is the precondition of honor and disgrace,and the full of grain storage come first to the knowledge of etiquette",as well as the so-called of " People are not afraid of death in the year of hunger".As to the super-stable state of the political field,the monarchy and bureaucratic system competed for power under the "Heaven-human Induction" by interpreting the disaster,and they reached a consensus on the basis of "people-based" political thought,which inspired the enthusiasm and responsibility of the ruling class to response to the disaster,played an important role in the formation and development of the disaster relief and the "paternalistic" disaster relief model,and also provided necessary conditions to the of disaster and restoration of physical damages in the social field.As to the super-stable state of the social field,the mass in disaster wouldn't question the legitimacy of the ruling class but self-examination first.They revolted only when they had no other choices.This provided the ruling class with time to response to the disaster and good images of “worship the heaven and people”,as well as the opportunity to win political identity of the people.In summary,the sense-making of disaster in ancient times effectively enhanced people's sense of order and control in the disaster situation.It reflected the emergency wisdom of "begin with the end " and “take crisis into opportunities”,and the national spirit of self-reflection and self-improvement.In terms of the practice of ancient disaster management,the author divides it into three categories: ritual behavior,ritualized behavior and effective disaster relief behavior.And then the concrete practices of the three kinds of behaviors and the mechanism of their respective effects on the repair of value damage were summarized respectively.As to the ritual behavior,firstly,just as the so-called of "the greatest event of the state are the sacrifice and arms",all kinds of sacrificial rites were the teaching methods of social ritual,which embodied and maintained social hierarchy order and value norms.Secondly,the ritual behavior in disaster effectively responded to and verified the authenticity and existence hypothesis of the "Heaven-human Induction",which was the premise of rationality of ancient disaster sense-making,helped ensure the constraints and guidance of disaster sense-making,strengthened people's belief of political and social value,and maintained the self-repair mechanism of the damages in disasters.Thirdly,just as the so-called of “ "No use is much use",the setting of crisis ceremony and its feedback were beneficial to the affected people's perception of the symbolic termination of the disaster status,and to enhance the social psychological resilience of the disaster response.As to the ritualized behavior,firstly,it also had the effect of communication between heaven and human,which could show people's reverence to the heaven.Secondly,it could show the virtue and attention of the ruling class to the mass,as well as their attitude to positively admit mistakes and take responsibility.Thirdly,some of the feedback termination settings in ritualized behaviors were also conducive to people's perception of the symbolic termination state of disaster,so that social activities could resume normal operation.As to the effective disaster relief behavior,firstly,it was an important way to practice the idea of people-oriented,especially the "universal compensatory" measures,which could enhance the "anti-vulnerability" of ancient people in natural disasters.Secondly,it was an important guarantee for the establishment of disaster sense-making in the social field.Finally,this chapter further explores the mechanism of closed-loop interaction between the practice and sense-making of disaster relief.On the one hand,it was the omnidirectional response of ritual behavior,ritualized behavior and effective disaster relief behavior to the sense-making of disaster,which the author calls the seamless response mechanism of "three behaviors and one sense".On the other hand,under the collective consciousness of “honesty bringing spiritual beings”,the constraints and incentive effects of the meaning of disasters got maximum play,which promoted the ancient people constantly trying to remedy their disaster practice and enhance the disaster resilience of the whole society.Based on the analysis of the ancient disasters,damage,structure model of sense-making,and performance practices,the last chapter summarized and refined out of the "Consciousness of Closed-loop" in ancient disaster relief.In the dialectical perspective of "begin with the end",with the inner drive concept of "responsibility ethics",and with practical operation mechanism of "feedback correction",the "Consciousness of Closed-loop" is the guidance awareness of physical and value damages repairing in disaster.At the same time,referring to the "Consciousness of Closed-loop",we returned to the realistic situation of modern society and thought about the way of "crisis-ends" in future.