Marx's Criticism And Transcendence On Modernity

After the second World War,capitalist society entered a new period of development,anti-imperialism,racism,sexism and other social movements began to rise,the horizon of the new order is rising.Entering the twenty-first Century,globalization and information technology further accelerated food crisis,ecological crisis,the gap between the rich and the poor,violent terrorism and other threats to the survival of mankind have followed one after another.Coping with the crisis of modernity has become a common issue for all mankind.As the guiding ideology of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics,Marx's critique of capitalist "modernity" is scientific and thorough.It not only criticizes the "rational metaphysics",but also puts forward the thinking mode of "practice" as the core category,and realizes a philosophical revolution;not only criticizes "classical political economy",discovers the objective law of the development of human society,but also transcends the communist theory based on the "Commonwealth of Free Man" and provides a solid theoretical support for China to deal with the crisis of modernity.Therefore,this paper will discuss from the following four aspects: the connotation of "modernity",Marx's philosophical critique of "modernity",Marx's critique of political economy of "modernity",and Marx's transcendence of "modernity".The first part is about the connotation of modernity.First of all,this part clarifies the confusion in understanding the concept of "modernity" and redefines "modernity" and its related concepts through the "phenomenological" method of "limited suspension." Among these concepts,"modernity" and "modernization" is a category of dialectical movements.On the one hand,"modernity" is the connotation of "modernization" and "modernization" is the realization process of "modernity".On the other hand,"modernization" is the theoretical garden of "modernity",and "modernity" is the practical reflection of "modernization".Secondly,this part also sorts out the related theories of "modernity" criticism,and finds that the study of the connotation of "modernity" in academic circles is mainly based on two aspects: the value form and the form of social organization.In terms of value form,“modernity” refers to the basic values such as“freedom,equality,justice,democracy,rationality,and subjectivity” that have formed since the Enlightenment Movement.From the perspective of social organization,“modernity” refers to the basic social systems and organizational forms such as “capitalism”,“industrial civilization”,and “bureaucracy” formed in the operation of capitalist society.Finally,according to the double criticism of capitalism's modernity,this part makes a preliminary study on Marx's critique theory of modernity.We find that Marx's criticism of "modernity" is not only a critique and transcendence of German classical philosophy,but also a criticism and transcendence of the classical political economy of Britain and France.This transcendence is not the overturning of all surpasses,but the transcendence of inner dialectics.The second part,Marx's philosophical criticism of "modernity".This part believes that the early romanticism criticized the “nihilism” caused by rationality,hoping to solve this syndrome through “romantic” methods.From the standpoint of materialism,Feuerbach,the German classical philosopher,tried to directly criticize "metaphysics" through the way of "perceptual intuition".Steiner directly set aside the prescriptions of "divinity" and "metaphysics" and rebelled against "metaphysics" from the standpoint of "I".However,whether the early romantics or the youth Hegel sent a critique of "Nihilism" or "metaphysics",is standing on the "base" of "metaphysics",finally will return to "metaphysics",be a team or a fragment of it.Marx wants to jump out of the "base" of "metaphysics" and proceed from the "perceptual activities" of reality,replace the "subjectivity of thinking process" with "perceptual practical activity",thus reverse "metaphysics" and fundamentally change the mode of thinking of philosophy.Finally,it not only transcends the criticism of the romanticism and the youth Hegel school,but also transcends the rational metaphysics itself.The third part is Marx's critique of political economy of "modernity".We hold that Marx's dissection and criticism of capitalist society starts from civil society,and specifically,it is a "political economic critique" of civil society.Therefore,this part first combs the history of political and economic theory,and thinks that modern political economy has formed a relatively complete discipline system for the first time in Smith.Under the influence of Smith's double approach,political economy is divided into two factions: One is the political economics represented by Ricardo,they inherit and carry forward the Smith's theory of labor value;the other is to Say as the representative of the "vulgar economics",they inherited and developed the Smith's "elements" theory.The criticism of Marx's political economy is realized through the criticism of political economics and "vulgar economics".Starting from the analysis of commodity value,Marx reveals the capitalist society "fetishism" characteristics,the critique of political economics logic operation is also carried out in this process."Commodity Fetishism" is the logical starting point of Marx's critique of political economics,"Currency Fetishism" is its logic development,and "Capital Fetishism" is its accomplishment.Through the criticism of the classical political economics,Marx discovered the historical fate of capitalism's inevitable destruction.,and put forward the theory of communism based on the "free people's Union".The fourth part,Marx's transcendence of "modernity".This part first makes a scientific demonstration of the essence of human beings,which is defined by Marx's transformation of philosophical thinking.Marx's scientific argument about the nature of man is based on the special nature of human "practice".Through the "kind" nature of human beings,Marx distinguishes the essential difference between "human" and "animal",through human "reality" essence,he also distinguishes the difference between "man" and "man".Through the nature of human's "history",Marx reproduced the course of human material production practice,discovered the objective law of human social development,and poured into the value care for the proletariat's freedom and liberation.Secondly,this paper makes an in-depth analysis of Marx's "free man's Union" that transcends "Modernity".The free man "freedom",understood by Marx,is not an abstract and absolute freedom,but a positive and specific freedom,and its actual performance is human labor.The realization of "freedom" is based on the overall development of individuals,and the all-round development of individuals is based on the full development of capitalist mode of production.With the improvement of productivity,continue to refine the division of labor,capitalist private ownership has become the development of the "shackles" in the capital,produced a large amount of material wealth,also produced its own "gravedigger"--the proletariat.As to further improve the level of productivity,the division of refining,the capitalist private ownership has become a "yoke" of its development,capital in the production of a great deal of material wealth at the same time,also produced its own "grave digger"-the proletariat.With the further enhancement of the productivity level and the continuous refinement of the division of labor,the capitalist private ownership system has become the “defective” for its development.While producing a large amount of material wealth,capital also produces the proletariat which its own “grave-digging people”.Capitalist society is just a brief of the human history "fragments",elimination of private property,building a "free association" is not only the strong demands for the proletariat revolution,is the inevitable trend of development of human history.