A Study On Boko Haram In Nigeria

In July 2009,the Boko Haram,led by Muhammad Yusuf,launched a riot in the capital of Borno,Nigeria,and was subsequently suppressed by the Government,and Yusuf was extrajudicial killed.In September 2010,Abubakar Shekau,the new leader of Boko Haram,set off a series of jihad on the name of “revenge”.Since then,Nigeria has a serious security crisis.Number of deaths and economic losses are enormous;the problem of refugees has also become a true portrayal of the Boko Haram in Nigeria.Since 2011,Nigerian Government has sieged the Boko Haram with military,which is accompanied by a number of peace talks';however,results are not ideal as expected.After 2015,with the spillover of the Boko Haram's problem,regional cooperation was gradually promoted under the authorization of the AU.Subsequently the MNJTF was established.Cooperation at the military level was somewhat effective,but the Boko Haram crisis has not been eradicated.To date,Boko Haram still maintains a certain frequency ofattack,the threat remains.Boko Haram is an Nigerian endogenous problem which includes political,economic and religious.After Nigeria's independence,the political situation is volatile.Corruption is alarming,the minority issues are prominent,while the Shari'ah law is tearing the country,the western system obviously not in-adaptable the Nigerian.In terms of economy,single oil economy structure,neglect regional balance,disregard people's livelihood,poverty and unemployment become Boko Haram growing soil.In the aspect of religion,the long-term confrontation between Islam and Christianity,the tendency of Islamism,and the rise of Salafism which the is used by extremist forces,becomes the basis of the ideology of Boko Haram.Boko Haram has a distinctive history.MohammedYusuf is the founder and promoter of Boko Haram.Abubakar Shekau further pushed Boko Haram into the abyss of poverty and,in turn,allegiance to the “Islamic State”.In this process,the organization has also experienced multiple divisions.The Kanama base established by Mohamed Ali,the Islamic Movement ofYusuf,the “Ansaru”,Muhammad Marwan,and the “Islamic State's of West African Province” of Abu Barnawi,are the products of the division and integration of BokoHaram,This highlights the differences in ideology and action practices within the organization.Boko Haram has a clear system construction characteristic.The ideology of Boko Haram is Salafism,which inherited and sublate by Mohammed Ali,Mohammed Yusuf,Abubakar Shekau,and even Abu Barnawi.The interpretation of factors,such as cultural,ethnic and reality interests,has shown the Boko Haram's particularity.In addition,because of the change of leaders,struggle strategies and external pressures,Boko Haram presents dynamic organizational structure characteristics.There was a marked “hierarchy”,but has a few layers.Because of the differentiation or division of the organization,the external form of Boko Haram has been emerged a type of “Network”.In terms of personnel composition,local members of Boko Haram occupy the main body,the status of foreign members is generally lower.Moreover,because of the ethnic identity of leaders,the number of Kanuri people in Boko Haram is much higher,but the Boko Haram is not equal to the Kanuri conflicts.Children soldiers and women's holy war are new features.The capital source of Boko Haram is mainly localized,which consists of “lawful” incomes and the donations.With the terror attacks more frequently,Boko Haram's crime incomes more importantly,meanwhile,fund of organization's international links becoming increasingly tight.The North-South economic differences and political estrangement in Nigeria's national development have contributed to Boko Haram.A large number of people are in poor conditions and unemployment.At the same time,government responses misconduct further giving birth to Boko Haram.This is also the root cause of the organization's long-standing.The persistence of Boko Haram caused serious injuries,casualties,economic losses,social unrest and damage to the country's image.Moreover,Boko Haram also challenges regional security and even theinternational community.The interaction between extremist groups such as AQIM and Al-Shabaab has further exacerbated the regional security situation in region's counter-terrorism level.For the Boko Haram issue,the AU,the ECOWAS,and neighboring countries of Nigeria should respond positively and promote cooperation.Among them,theAU completed the system level design and promoted deployment of the MNJTF;the military cooperation of neighboring countries effectively inhibited the spread of Boko Haram;and the ECOWAS provided the necessaryassistance.However,the cooperation has also faced certain challenges due to the poor relationshipsbetween Nigeria and its neighboring countries.At the international counter-terrorism level,the link between Boko Haram and Al-Qaeda headquarters,the “Islamic State” reinforces the identity of its international terrorist organization.The attack on the United Nations building in Abuja,the abduction of western people,and the threat to the Western countries with words,the massacre,mass hostages events have shocked the world.The international organizations,such as the United Nations,the European Union,the great power,France and the United States have cautiously responded to helping regional countries tocombat theBoko Haram.This article argue that the development of Boko Haram passed from “Endogenous” to“Spillover”.Nigerian national ecology,government crisis management,sahel regional instability,and counter-terrorism cooperation inefficient are the core factors which make Boko Haram emergence,development and expansion.These relationships is not the simple direct causality,but a complex patterns with “mutual” each other.Nonetheless,“Replace One Tyranny By Another” is not a permanent solution.Therefore,economic development,political stability,regional equilibrium and people-based thought should be noticed by Nigeria,even Sub-Saharacountries tosettle extremism organization problems.