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Study On The Nuclear Secret Cities Of The Soviet Nuclear Program (1945~1953)

Posted on:2020-02-11Degree:DoctorType:Dissertation
Country:ChinaCandidate:W H ZhangFull Text:PDF
GTID:1366330575470281Subject:World History
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This paper mainly studies since August 20,1945,the National Defense Commission issued the ? 9887??/?? secret order "Special Committee of the National Defense Commission" to establish a special committee,to June 26,1953,the special committee was revoked,and the Soviet medium-sized machinery manufacturing department was established,this eight-year period the work done by nuclear Secret city in the Soviet nuclear program and its contribution.The text includes a general introduction,six chapters of the text and conclusions.In the introduction,the concept of the term "nuclear Secret city" and the time period of this study are explained,the domestic and international research status of the nuclear Secret city problem is analyzed.The writing ideas and research methods of this paper are introduced,the innovations and deficiencies of this paper are also explained.The six chapters of the text can be divided into three parts.The first part is the first,second,third and fourth chapters.It mainly sorts out the historical context of the development of nuclear industry of the nuclear Secret city,divides the historical stage of nuclear industry development,and analyzes the historical tasks that should be undertaken in each historical stage,as well as the engineering construction,experimental research and development and industrial production activities carried out in order to complete their historical tasks,the historical characteristics of different stages of development are summarized.And also a brief introduction was made to the development of nuclear industry of the nuclear Secret city after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.The first chapter mainly introduces the background of the establishment of nuclear Secret citiy,the location and geographical distribution of early nuclear engineering,and the construction of nuclear engineering.Taking into account various factors such as geopolitics,natural resources,industrial base,and technical talents,the locations of nuclear Secret cities are scattered in the Volga,Ural and Siberian regions.The nuclear research institutions are generally rebuilt or expanded on the basis of existing factories or laboratories;In addition to the 813 complex,the remaining nuclear fission material production plants and nuclear weapons mass production plants are almost all built from scratch in the virgin forest.The construction of early nuclear engineering used all the mobilized labor resources such as prisoners,engineering soldiers,freelance workers,and special immigrants.The second chapter mainly introduces the nuclear Secret cities and the production of early nuclear fissile materials.In order to save time to the maximum extent and realize industrial production of fissile materials as soon as possible,the Soviet Union introduced a competition mechanism,"two materials,a variety of methods" to proceed simultaneously.The nuclear Secret cities produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235 fissile materials simultaneously.Among them,there are two schemes for the production of plutonium-239: uranium-graphite reactor and uranium-heavy water reactor,The methods for producing uranium-235 include gas diffusion method,electromagnetic method and centrifugation method.In the end,the 817 integrated plant provided the first atomic bomb ???-1of the Soviet Union with a uranium-graphite reactor,the 813 complex and the 814 plant cooperated to supply uranium charge for the second atomic bomb of the Soviet Union and the first uranium bomb???-2.The third chapter mainly introduces the nuclear Secret cities,the structural design and test explosion of the early atomic bomb.The 11 th Design Institute is the structural design unit of the atomic bomb,its departmental structure includes the theoretical research room,the scientific research department,the scientific design department,and the experimental plant,formed a comprehensive scientific research center that integrates "theory-experiment-design-production",under the leadership of the chief architect of the atomic bomb,?.?.Hareton,the structural design tasks and test explosions of ???-1 and ???-2 were completed.Among them,???-2 is the undisputed Soviet localization design,while ???-1 is considered to be a replica of the American august atomic bomb.In the face of this divergence,the author analyzes the innovation of ???-1 in the structural design and the use of precision measuring instruments and equipments.It points out that the Soviet nuclear program has passed the simple stage of copying and imitation at the beginning of its implementation and directly entered the stage of technological innovation.Chapter 4 mainly introduces the follow-up development of the nuclear Secret cities after the first atomic bomb test.After the first atomic bomb test,the main task of the development of the Soviet nuclear industry was to develop new nuclear and thermal weapons,as well as mass production of nuclear weapons.For this reason,in the production of nuclear fissile materials,817 integrated plant and 813 integrated plant continued to expand,constantly improve production technology,improve production efficiency,reduce production costs;the original 814 factory was reorganized into 418 factory,responsible for the production of nuclear fusion materials;A new 816 complex,an 815 complex and an electrification complex were built in Siberia to expand the production of nuclear fissile materials.In the research and development of nuclear weapons,the size of the 11 th Design Institute has been continuously expanded,and the 1011 Research Institute has been newly built;They developed newer,more advanced nuclear weapons,during the period 1949~1953,the 11 th Design Institute designed nuclear weapons ???-2,???-3,???-4,???-5,thermal nuclear weapons ???-6,???-37,the 1011 Institute assisted the improvement of ???-6,which assisted the 11 th Design Institute in the structural design of ???-37.In the mass production of nuclear weapons,the 551 factory,933factory and 1134 factory were built.On the whole,the development the nuclear industry of nuclear Secret cities can be roughly divided into three stages,from August 1945 to August 1949 was the starting stage,from September 1949 to the mid-1950 s was the perfect stage,the second half of the 1950 s to the end of the 1980 s was a mature stage.The overall characteristics of the development of the nuclear industry in the initial stage are: adopting the catch-up and mobilization economic development policy,experimental research and development are carried out simultaneously with industrial production,special administrative order management system combined with industrial production,Soviet scientists' own efforts combined with foreign nuclear technology intelligence,high confidentiality,etc.The performance of the nuclear industry in the period of perfection and maturity is: the surge in the number of nuclear weapons,the increase in the number of nuclear tests,and the continued increase in investment in nuclear industry development.After the disintegration of the Soviet Union,the main successor of the Russian Federation retained the nuclear Secret cities,but the defense military orders were greatly reduced,and the nuclear Secret cities faced a severe crisis of survival.In the new historical period,the nuclear Secret cities have gradually regained their vitality by taking measures such as military-to-civilian,joint-stock reform,state support,and international cooperation.The second part is Chapter 5,which mainly introduces one of the most critical factors for the development of the nuclear industry of nuclear Secret cities,that is,under the leadership of the organization of a special regulatory agency,it enjoys many privileges and preferential policies,it can be used to meet the various resources needed for the development of the nuclear industry of nuclear Secret cities.This chapter combs the establishment and evolution of the special central and local regulatory agencies of the Soviet nuclear Secret cities,summarizing the overall characteristics of its management model,objectively evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of this management model.The nuclear Secret cities were directly affiliated to the First General Administration of Management between 1945 and 1953,and was subordinated to the Soviet Medium-sized Machinery Manufacturing Department after 1953.The evolution of the central management body of the nuclear industry sector from 1945 to 1953 can be divided into two stages,the first stage was from the release of the 9987cc/?? secret order on August 20,1945,to the promulgation of the first atomic bomb o on August 29,1949,This is the stage of the Soviet government's overall leadership of the nuclear program,the special committee is fully responsible for all work,the First General Administration of Management directly leads all nuclear enterprises and institutions;The second phase was from August 29,1949 to June 26,1953,the Soviet medium-sized machinery manufacturing department was established,this is a tortuous development stage,due to the successful test explosion of the atomic bomb,the authority of the special committee has been unprecedentedly improved,but at this stage the nuclear industry production is no longer experimental,and there is no need for the leadership of the management body with cross-sectoral administrative power and super-mobility,coupled with the high-level power struggle of the government,the special committee was dying and finally revoked,the first general administration was incorporated into the Soviet medium-sized machinery manufacturing department,and the nuclear industry department evolved into an ordinary national ministry.At the local level,the nuclear Secret city is not subject to the jurisdiction of the local direct government,between 1945 and 1953,its administrative power was in the hands of the executive leadership of nuclear plants and scientific research institutions,and the political office of the political unit,the political office of nuclear plant or scientific research institution assisted in the work.After 1954,by electing the city of Soviet,the authority of the nuclear Secret cities,the executive body is the executive committee.Through this special management mode,it provides resources and institutional guarantee for the development of the nuclear industry of nuclear Secret cities.Through special measures and preferential policies,The special measures adopted by the special administrative agencies of the nuclear Secret cities have met the needs of various types of human resources such as construction workers,production workers,service personnel and security guards and the demand for various types of material resources such as land,funds,equipment,food,clothing,housing,medical care,etc,it has established strict confidentiality regulations and measures for nuclear factories,nuclear products and nuclear scientists,and implements a strict supervision system for nuclear engineering construction and nuclear industry production,providing a reliable system guarantee for the development of the nuclear industry of nuclear Secret cities.In the process of organization and management of special management organizations,it shows the traits such as combination of collective leadership and individual dictatorship,cross-departmental collaboration,dual leadership of the party and government,and the combination of program management and human manipulation.The advantages of this special management organization are that it saves money,saves time,protects scientists in the field of nuclear physics from persecution,and are also prone to defects such as decision-making mistakes,conflicts of interest between departments,and concentration of power.The success of the Soviet nuclear program proves the effectiveness of this management model,however,this management model violates the interests of other sectors or industries of the national economy to a certain extent,therefore,it cannot be promoted in other sectors or industries of the national economy.The third part is Chapter 6,which summarizes the overall characteristics of the development of nuclear Secret cities and objectively evaluates the gains and losses of the development of the nuclear industry of nuclear Secret cities.The nuclear Secret cities that was built and developed during the implementation of the Soviet nuclear program and the development of the nuclear industry gradually formed a small interest group,which showed the following common characteristics in the development process:First,in terms of the social composition of residents,the characteristics are: mainly based on production personnel,younger age,higher level of education,the family origin is mainly workers,peasants and public officials,and the ethnic composition is mainly Slavic;Second,in terms of the function of the city,it has a single function and is engaged in a single type of military production;Third,in terms of urban management,they enjoy greater autonomy,and personnel appointments,financial allocations,administrative powers,and police agencies are independent of the localities.The development of the nuclear industry of nuclear Secret cities has made great achievements,as follows:First,in just a few years the Soviet Union built a nuclear weapons complex;Second,a large number of scientific and technological elites have been gathered in a relatively short period of time,bringing together a group of highly professional production personnel;Third,to promote the development of the regional economy,nuclear factories and scientific research institutions have provided good development opportunities for these areas,promoted these remote and sparsely populated small villages and towns developed into a socialist modernization model city with perfect housing,education and medical and health conditions,good welfare and superior material life;Fourth,promote the advancement of science and technology;Fifth,it guarantees that the Soviet Union will remain invincible in the nuclear arms race with the United States.The development of nuclear industry of the nuclear Secret cities has also paid a huge price,the specific performance is as follows: First,the nuclear industry sector has been vying for a large amount of funds,technology,talents and resources from other sectors of the national economy,other industries and other areas of society,and many resources for improving the material living standards of the people have also been misappropriated in the field of nuclear industry development,this has largely restricted the recovery of the post-war national economy,the progress of society,and the improvement of people's living standards;Second,the initial development of the nuclear industry has damaged the health of tens of thousands of people;Third,it has caused certain social and ecological consequences and seriously damaged the ecological environment of the surrounding areas.It can be seen that the development of nuclear industry of the nuclear Secret cities has both gains and losses.How to evaluate the gains and losses of its development objectively,is it not worth losing,or is it worth losing? On the one hand,the development of nuclear industry of the nuclear Secret cities is conducive to the Soviet Union's achievement of possessing nuclear weapons and breaking the established goal of the US nuclear monopoly;On the other hand,in order to accomplish this goal,the Soviet Union was at the expense of slowing the recovery of the national economy and the improvement of the people's living standards and destroying the physical health and ecological environment of tens of thousands of people.It is worth noting that the Soviet Union is not the only country that implements nuclear programs at the expense of human health and damage to the ecological environment,compared with the US horizontal perspective,the military and political goals in the implementation of the US Manhattan Plan are also higher than moral and ecological requirements.
Keywords/Search Tags:The Soviet Union, nuclear program, nuclear Secret city, nuclear industry, nuclear weapon
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