| As a subordinate institutional arrangement,the subsistence allowance system has a certain guarantee for the basic living standards of low-income groups,and the role of regulating the income distribution of residents is very direct.The urban subsistence and the rural subsistence allowance system were fully established in 1999 and 2007 respectively.The two systems are a joint responsibility of the central and local governments.The responsibility for subsistence allowances is shared by the central and local governments,but the subsistence allowances' decision-making power was enacted to local governments.Since the central government has not formulated a national minimum subsistence guidance line,under the decentralized fiscal system,the grassroots government will formulate differentiated subsistence allowances according to its own financial strength.Due to the dualization of the urban and rural subsistence allowance system and the lack of institutionalization of urban and rural subsistence allowances at all levels,it is easy to cause the gap between the subsistence allowances within the city,within the rural areas,and between urban and rural areas,further leading to low security expenditure gap.The regional gap between the subsistence allowances and the subsistence allowances not only affects the performance of the income distribution of the subsistence allowance system,but also is not conducive to the promotion of equalization of basic public services.In order to better realize the income distribution function of the urban and rural subsistence allowance system,it is necessary to clarify the development of the regional disparity between urban and rural subsistence allowances.The regional disparity caused by subsistence allowances is largely caused by the regional disparity of the subsistence allowances standard,and the regional disparity of the subsistence allowances is largely due to the institutional problem of the development of subsistence allowances.By systematically assessing the problems existing in the implementation of urban and rural subsistence allowances in recent years,in order to further optimize the urban and rural subsistence allowances system,to better play the income distribution effect of the subsistence allowance system,and continue to play the role of the subsistence allowance system after the overall poverty alleviation of urban and rural areas.This paper mainly solves three problems:The first is to assess the problems existing in the current method of formulating the standard of subsistence allowances,and the second is to comprehensively and systematically measure the regional disparity between urban and rural subsistence allowances,the regional disparities and expenditure levels of the subsistence allowances.The third is to evaluate the income distribution effect of urban and rural subsistence allowances through multi-dimensional analysis through empirical analysis and measurement.In terms of the method of formulating the standard of subsistence allowances,combined with the common methods of enacting the subsistence standards such as Engel's coefficient method,consumption proportional expenditure method,linear expenditure expansion model method and Martin method,the national macro data is used to calculate the urban and rural theories under various methods.Minimum living standard.Further compare these measured theoretical low-definition lines with the actual implementation standards for urban and rural subsistence allowances.By comparison,it is found that the actual implementation standards of urban and rural subsistence allowances are the closest to the theoretical subsistence allowances measured by the consumption proportional expenditure method,and the actual implementation standards can only meet the basic consumption and consumption needs of urban and rural residents' minimum living in poverty groups.Consumers'minimum demand cannot be met.At the same time,using the " subjective subsistence line" in the micro data to compare with the actual subsistence allowances,further illustrates that the current subsistence allowances are insufficient to meet the minimum consumption needs of the poor.The standard of subsistence allowance has a strong positive correlation with local financial resources and economic development level,indicating that the local government's subsistence allowance standard is subject to the two constraints.In terms of the regional disparity of the subsistence allowance standard,this paper uses a variety of gap measurement methods to measure the regional disparity of urban subsistence allowances in 2007-2017 and the regional disparity of rural subsistence allowances in 2008-2017.In terms of the overall gap in the standard of subsistence allowances,the gap between urban low-income standards at the municipal level is relatively low,while the gap between the provincial and county levels is large;the rural subsistence allowances are most balanced at the municipal level,and the provincial level is the least balanced.The sub-regional calculation results show that the urban low-income standard gap is the strongest imbalance between the county-level governments in different regions,and the rural-level is the most balanced at the provincial level.The results of the Theil index decomposition show that the source of urban low-income standard gaps is relatively high in the national group,while the central and eastern regions have more inequality,and the gaps between the groups in the eastern region and the gap between groups.It is relatively high in the four regions;in the source of the rural minimum living standard gap,the proportion of inequality between groups is relatively higher,while from the subregion,the contribution rate of inequality between the groups in the eastern region is relatively higher,the other three The proportion of inequality in the regional group is relatively higher.The Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition results show that the gap between regions,the inter-regional gap and the contribution rate of hyper-density density,the regional gap is the highest contribution rate in the overall gap between urban and rural subsistence allowances,and the provincial and municipal levels in year 2007 to 2017.The average gap between urban and sub-division standards at the county level and county level is 61.05%,43.59%,and 41.01%,respectively,from the inter-regional gap.In year 2008 to 2017,from provincial,municipal,and county-level of rural subsistence allowances,average contribution rate of equality reached 73.87%,57.62%and 51.28%respectively.In addition,the average ratio of urban and rural subsistence allowances at the provincial,municipal,and county levels in year 2008 to 2017 was 2.30,2.48,and 2.56,respectively.On the basis of the above,the regional disparity of urban and rural per capita low-income expenditures in year 2008 to 2016 is further measured.In terms of the overall gap in the level of subsistence allowances,the gap between urban per capita and subsistence allowances at the provincial level is relatively small,and the urban and county levels are relatively unbalanced,while the gaps in per capita low-income expenditures among different levels of government are small.The calculation results of sub-regions show that the gap between per capita low-income expenditures in urban areas is the largest at the county level in the eastern and central regions,and the largest at the municipal level in the western and northeastern regions;The implementation of the“precision poverty alleviation”strategy has been reduced.The results of the decomposition of the Theil index show that the urban per capita low-income expenditures are uneven in the provinces and sub-regions,which is the main source of the per capita low-income expenditure gap between municipalities and county-level units.The same applies to rural areas.The gap in the level of per capita minimum living expenses.The Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition results show that,from the contribution rate of urban low-income expenditure gap sources,the provincial level decomposition results show that the inter-regional gap contributes relatively to the overall gap without considering the contribution of hyper-density density.The decomposition results at the municipal and county level indicate that the intra-regional gap contributes a relatively large amount to the overall gap;from the various sources of the rural subsistence expenditure gap,in addition to the ultra-variable density contribution,the regional gap contributes to more rural areas.The per capita low-income total expenditure gap.On the whole,the gap between urban and rural low-income expenditures has been decreasing year by year in recent years,but the gap is relatively large.The average ratio of urban and rural subsistence per capita expenditure at the provincial,municipal and county levels is about 2.2.Combining the financial sustainability of the country and the provinces,it is considered that under the original financial level,it is feasible to gradually narrow the gap between urban and rural low-income expenditures.In terms of the income distribution effect of urban and rural subsistence allowances,using the provincial macro data from 2008 to 2016,the income distribution effect generated by the implementation of urban and rural subsistence allowances system was empirically studied by constructing an econometric model.The empirical results show that:(1)urban subsistence allowances have a significant role in promoting the income level of urban residents,and the implementation of rural subsistence allowances is also conducive to promoting the income level of rural residents.(2)The regression results in different regions show that urban and rural subsistence allowances have different effects on the income promotion of urban or rural residents in different regions.(3)The expansion of the gap between urban and rural low-income expenditures has,to a certain extent,led to the deterioration of the income distribution pattern of urban and rural residents,that is,the income gap between urban and rural residents has been widened,but the impact is only significant in the eastern region.Moreover,the per capita expenditure of urban subsistence allowances has a weaker impact on the income gap between urban and rural residents.There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between rural per capita low-income expenditures and income distribution gaps between urban and rural residents.(4)At the same time,the data were used to measure the income gap between urban residents and the income gap between urban and rural residents and the income gap between urban and rural residents.Through comparison,it is found that the implementation of the subsistence allowance system has a certain positive effect on reducing the income gap of residents,and there are differences in the roles in different regions.The implementation of the urban and rural subsistence allowance system has the most obvious effect on the improvement of the income distribution pattern of residents in the western region.Finally,the paper puts forward a policy discussion on the formulation of urban and rural subsistence allowances,the improvement of the regional gap between urban and rural subsistence allowances,the narrowing of the regional disparity between urban and rural subsistence allowances,and the better play of the role of urban and rural subsistence allowances in improving the income distribution of urban and rural residents. |
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