The Research On Marx And Engels’ Thought Of Geopolitics In Eastern Question And It’s Contemporary Value

The study is based on Marx and Engels ’discussion of the East question.It has studied in detail the geopolitics ideas revealed by Marx and Engels when they discussed international issues.And for the first time,it summarizes the main connotation of Marx and Engels ’geopolitics thoughts.The study defined Marx and Engels ’ "Eastern" vision as "the Black Sea,the Caucasus-Caspian region,Central Asia and its neighboring Afghanistan and northern Pakistan." For ease of discussion,the study regarded “around the Black Sea,the Caucasus-Caspian Sea region,Central Asia,Afghanistan and Pakistan "as a whole,and called it “inner Eurasian continent."According to the results of contemporary geopolitical theory,the study defined the regions around the Black Sea,the Caucasus-Caspian Sea,Central Asia and its surrounding Afghanistan,Pakistan as "Inner-Eurasia." The concept of "Inner-Eurasia" is not only a purely natural geographical concept,but a geopolitical concept.In terms of geographical regions,the study was based on Eurasia rather than Asia,so the concept of "Inner-Eurasia" included a part of eastern Europe on the west coast of the Black Sea.This vast region was a part of Islamic world and rich in energy and mineral resources.It was also a region where Britain and Russia,the two capitalist countries played a great geopolitical game in the 19 th century.It was also the main area of international counter-terrorism today.And due to close to the European Union,Russia,China,India and other major political economies in the world,it was a hot spot for the strategic game of neighboring major countries.Geopolitics referred to the combination of geographical and political factors that determines the situation of a country and region,emphasizing the influence of geography on politics.Geopolitics,as a theory and method of a nation decision-making,involved factors such as geographical location,spatial relationship,natural products,and human history.It focused on the influence of geographical factors on national decision-making.The geographical factors of a country included such rich sources as natural resources,transportation,culture,and status in the international configuration."Geostrategy" was equivalent to "Geopolitical" in the conceptual sense,and was the dynamic result of "geopolitical" in the marginal meaning.It was more frequently used in military warfare than "geopolitical".Marx and Engels revealed the geographical significance of the Black Sea,the Caucasus-Caspian Sea-Hera region,and the Central Asian region When they discussed the colonial conquest of capitalist countries.From the perspective of world geography,the Black Sea is the junction of Europe and Asia that has the channel for the eastern part of Europe to enter the interior of Asia,also is the inlet for the northeast of Europe to break the sealed condition into the world shipping routes.Especially the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles of the Black Sea which connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea was the key to control the Black Sea and connect he world shipping routes.From the perspective of ethnicity and religion,the Black Sea region was the place where Islamic civilization and Christian civilization as well as Slav、Turks、Germanic integrated and interacted.So it was full of ethnic and religious conflicts.From the perspective of world economic exchanges,Inner-Eurasia was a place where British Indian goods were distributed to centers in Eastern Europe and inland Asia.From a military strategic point of view,the Black Sea region was the hub for controlling the links between the Asian interior and Eastern Europe.The geostrategical significance of the Caucasus-Caspian Sea-Herat region lied in its access to the Asian interior and India by land from the Black Sea coast.The Caucasus region is the commanding height of the Black Sea.If controlled the Caucasus then can establish the initiative over the eastern part of the Black Sea.At the same time,for the Eastern Europe,the Caucasus was also the gateway to the Asian interior.The geopolitical significance of the Caspian Sea lies in its ease of access to northern Afghanistan from the west or the north,without passing through Persia’s impassable desert.Herat is the crossroads into Afghanistan and India from the West and the North,and from the Caucasus-Caspian Sea as well as Central Asia.The geopolitical significance of Central Asia lied in the fact that it was the middle area for India and Russia.After Russia conquered the Kazakh grasslands,it became possible to enter the Balkh,the north region of Afghanistan,and then through Central Asia to India.Moreover,the Central Asia,far from the British vision and control,Russia’s military conquest would not cause a strong reaction from the powers.From a contemporary geopolitical point of view,the Black Sea,the Caucasus-Caspian Sea and Central Asia are rich in natural resources and complex ethnic and religious conflicts.They were the middle ground between the two major economies of the world at both ends of the Eurasian continent,and adjacent to Russia,the European Union,China and India.It is a region where world hegemony frequently intervenes and is the object that the neighboring countries exerted influence.The rich resources in the region affect the world resource market,and the complex ethnic and religious conflicts in the region affect the security of neighboring countries and the world.As Russia and the US being the most politically drastic and influential gamers in the region,the influence of China and India is growing fast.In the long run,Russia’s economic influence in the region has continued to decline,but it still has strong political and security influence,and China as well as India will maintain a rapid economic growth influence.With its fast-growing economy and huge market,and easy access to the region,China will be the most economically influential country in the future.Within the region,all countries regard the newly acquired independence of their country as their Supreme interest,and have been pursuing multilateral diplomacy in international relations.In the future,it will be difficult for a major foreign power to appear in the region.However,regional divisions will be more obvious.The countries around the Caucasus and the Black Sea will have close ties with the European Union’s in political and economic security,and the Central Asian countries will have close ties with China and India.The thinking of "confrontation","cold war" and "zero-sum game" in western traditional geopolitics has brought long-term war and chaos to Eurasia.On account of human concern in Marxist geopolitical thought,China advocates the abandoning "confrontation" and “cold war thinking” in international relations,and proposes to build a "community of human destiny" in order to solve the global problems brought about by western traditional geopolitical theory.The concept of the Community of Human Destiny advocates developing international relations on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and the Charter of the United Nations.It advocates,regardless of their size,all countries should be equal sovereignty,mutual respect,consultation,equal participation and fair sharing in international affairs.We should establish a system of international relations featuring "common consultation,joint contribution and shared benefits",fairness and rationality,openness,cooperation,harmony,inclusiveness and mutual benefit.