The Historical Vicissitudes Of Southeastern Shandong

For a long time,the academic circles have focused more on the "nationalizaton"of rural areas in the collectivization period.Although relevant studies once again established the dominant position of rural areas since the rural reform in the 1980s,the subject consciousness and development strategy of rural society has been more or less ignored.When taking research from the perspective of rural areas,it can be found that the state's dominant role in rural areas can't replace the subject consciousness of rural areas,nor can it kill the development strategy of rural society.Instead,the subsidence of state power created strong public power in rural society.The development course and social changes of Zhucun,Shandong Province in the past half century show that "binary opposition" between the state and rural areas neglects the living rules and value orientation of the rural areas,especially its collective response to the state power,which reduces the development strategy and subject consciousness of rural society at the same time.Since 1949,the core problems of Zhucun have been the population growth and the imbalance between human and land Zhucun was faced by a series of problems such as resource shortage,family poverty and interpersonal tension.The birth rate of Zhucun in the 1960s was higher than the average rate of the whole province.The population exploded and the water conservancy projects took up a lot of land,which worsened the human-land conflicts.The increase of population and the nucleation of families resulted in the decrease of the proportion of household labor force,which led to the decrease of individual families' income and their capacity against risk.The shortage of public resources and the increase of family burden make the villagers of Zhucun rely more on the collective power constructed by the state.Collective control over assets and agricultural products has become the supporting point of rural public power and the basis of collective action.On the one hand,the organization and unitization of rural areas have narrowed the distance between villagers' life and production,thus leaving the space for self-management of rural society.On the other hand,the imbalance of the human-land relation and the shortage of resources have forced Zhucun to constantly exert the subjective initiative within the framework of the national economic system to maintain survival and seek for development.The self-management of rural society relies on the party and government organization established by the country.Cadres are the direct representatives of rural public authority but different from the role of state agents or rural protectors.The family background and experience of the cadres are the important reasons for their choices of behavior.Zhucun established the revolutionary regime of the Communist Party of China during the Anti-Japanese War.The group of cadres after 1949 was basically the continuation of the CPC members and the group of cadres during the revolutionary period.Zhucun,as a village with a large population,can better reflect the complexity between the state power operation and endogenous network of social relations in rural areas.In the game and two-way infiltration between the state and rural society,the endogenous family and blood relationship in the rural society have a great impact on the rural politics and the blood relationship network of Zhucun's new cadres becomes more and more clear.There are multi-level and multi-dimensional interest subjects in rural society.The villagers construct the interest community and "private morality" based on"themselves".The boundary between "public" and "private" is a prominent problem of collective management.State-led institution construction,endogenous network of social relations and rational behavior choices of individuals jointly maintain the order of rural society.With a large population,the maintenance of the order of Zhucun depends more on the system and rules,which is not only the embodiment of the national will in rural society,but also the survival logic of rural society.Moreover,when the overwhelming majority of the villagers do not have the ability to develop outside the village,the villagers must supervise the managers while defending their own interests.The internal restriction of rural society is more routine and effective than the restriction of the state power.The equalitarianism of distribution system in collectivization period was not the whole cause of the low production efficiency.The distribution system based on work-point system can't cover the causes of rural poverty.The general poverty state in collectivization period makes rural society rely on survival ethic and reciprocity principle,and pushes the distribution system to the direction of "equalitarianism".However,the so-called "equalitarianism" takes the reproduction of household labor force as the guarantee of the "moral economy" contract.The problem of the collectivization system is not the low efficiency of collective management,but is that the paradox of population and system makes it impossible for rural areas to break through the dilemma of human-land conflict,which promotes the "over-intensive"production.As production units,rural areas are an important component of the state's planned economic system.The primary goal of rural society is survival,followed by development.The planned economic system can not completely cover the whole process of agricultural production.The rural society makes use of its limited autonomous rights and controllable "marginal zone" to make unremitting efforts around "survival" and "development".Those efforts include the productive labor and living demands presented in the way of "counteraction" and the economic rationality and independent consciousness presented in the planning of agricultural production,the distribution of labor force,agricultural mechanization development and the maintenance of collective rights.Faced with the dilemma of human-land conflict,Zhucun planned the production of collective sidelines and forestry and encouraged villagers to engage in such work as construction,transportation,etc For quite a long time,the output per unit area of the collective operation of Zhucun's plantation industry was no less than that of the private plots."Collective" was not merely the representation of the subsidence of state power in rural society,but the representative of the interests of rural society.After the household contract responsibility system,the labor force of Zhucun gradually entered the market due to the shortage of land resources.At the same time,Zhucun developed village-run enterprises by using the public accumulation in the collectivization period.The villagers changed from "leaving the land without leaving the village" to "leaving the land and leaving the village".In the meantime,as the public power was reduced,the distance between the individual interests and the collective interests was widened and the logic of collective behaviors gradually lost its foundation.The development of local rules and marketization of rural society in the transition period made it possible for village managers to exchange interests.Villagers chose to develop outward,thus making concessions actively in the public affairs of the village.Rural society not only covers the conflicts among individual logic,collective logic and state logic,but also represents the conformity and penetration to some extent.The development strategy of rural society is not limited to "counteraction"behavior.It can even infiltrate into the power operation of the state.The historical vicissitudes of Zhucun show that the state power can not replace the subject consciousness of rural society in either the period of collectivization or the period of reform.