Research On The "Penalty" Effect Of Fertility On Female Labor Market Performance

Since the "two-child fertility policy" and "universal two-child" birth policies have been implemented one after another,it is an important population control measure for China to adjust its population structure and meet the needs of social and economic development.However,after the adjustment of the birth policy,the actual birth status of the population did not meet expectations and was far apart,and the weak position of women in the labor market was further manifested.Women's low fertility willingness and the weak position of the labor market performance coexist,which on the one hand hindered the implementation effect of China's fertility policy adjustment,and on the other hand was not conducive to the full use and exertion of women's human resources.Therefore,the contradiction between fertility and female labor market performance is a key issue facing the current population development and the effectiveness of the labor market.This paper takes the women of childbearing age as the research object,and studies the influence of fertility on the performance of women's labor market.On the basis of accurately defining the meaning of female fertility and its measurement indicators,the concept of female labor market performance and its main analysis content,the meaning of "penalty" effect and the scope of its use,it focuses on the specific effects of fertility on the three aspects of female labor market performance,namely There are three aspects of labor participation in the labor market,employment stability in the labor market process,and wage income in the labor market.Using the combination of theory and empirical research,objectively analyze the influence of fertility on the performance of women's labor market and the effect of "penalty" from theoretical and empirical tests.The study of this issue will help to focus on the main reasons for the "penalty" effect of fertility on the female labor market,and provide an effective policy to alleviate the contradiction between women's birth and employment,promote the ideal fertility willingness of working women and improve the protection of women's labor market.The main findings are as follows:From the perspective of labor participation,the effect of fertility on the performance of female labor market is discussed.The conclusion is drawn that fertility has a significant "penalty" effect on female labor participation probability,but it has no significant effect on male labor participation,and the more births,the lower the probability of female labor participation.Female fertility behavior will lead to an average decline in the participation rate of the labor market by 11.74%;each additional unit of births will result in a decrease of 6.67%in female labor participation.Preschool children have a negative impact on female labor market participation rates,especially for children aged 0-3 who have significant "penalty" effects on female labor participation.The existence of 0-3 years old children significantly reduced the probability of female labor participation by 16.38%,and the probability of rural women's labor participation was more negatively affected by children aged 0-3,reaching 19.96%.From the perspective of employment stability,the effect of fertility on the performance of women's labor market is examined.The main conclusions are as follows:fertility will increase the probability of female employment interruption,but the impact on men is not significant.Female fertility behavior may lead to a 10.15%increase in the probability of employment disruption.Among the women who have given birth,the probability of female employment interruption will increase by 3.96 percentage points for each birth of a child.Specifically,compared with women who have one child,the probability of employment interruption will increase by 4.75%when women give birth to two children.It reflects that the more births,the worse the employment stability of the female labor market.The 0-3 old child care arrangement increases the probability of female employment interruption risk by 7.5%,but as the child ages,this punitive effect gradually disappears.In addition,among the different economic ownership sectors,the employment stability of women in the private sector is the worst,and the probability of job interruption in women in the private sector has increased significantly by 10.86%,The 0-3-year-old child care arrangement significantly increased the probability of employment disruption among women in the private sector by 7.37%.Therefore,the employment stability of women in the private sector is more susceptible to fertility.From the perspective of income,the effect of fertility on the performance of female labor market is studied.The conclusions are as follows:At different income distribution levels,for each unit of birth,the female income will drop significantly by 8.11%-9.28%.Specifically,the birth of two children has a "penalty" effect on women of all income levels,and regardless of the number of births,low-income women will face a stable"penalty" of reproductive income.The 0-3 year old child will have a "punitive" effect on women with middle and lower income levels,which will significantly reduce their wages by 11.9%-26.1%,and the lower the income level,the "penalty" effect of the income of the 0-3 year old child care is greater.Regional differences further indicate that women in middle-and high-income groups in the eastern region face a larger"penalty" effect on childbearing wages,while low-income women in the western region are more likely to be "punished" by the income of the 0-3-year-old child care.Combined with the conclusions of empirical research,this paper further summarizes and analyzes the reasons behind the "penalty" effect of fertility on female labor market performance.It is found that the "penalty" effect of female labor market performance is mainly due to the lack of normative protection of women's labor market and the imperfect childcare services.At the same time,on the basis of combing and summarizing the experience of foreign labor market protection and child care services,the following suggestions are proposed in combination with China's actual national conditions:First,we must change policy guidance and build a socialized sharing mechanism for birth costs.Second,promote anti-sex discrimination legislation and give play to the basic role of the law.Third,pay attention to the care of children aged 0-3,support and guide the development of the social care service system.Fourth,provide a relatively relaxed working environment to help alleviate the work-family conflicts of female employees.In addition,women themselves should also sort out the correct concept of work-family and rationally treat workplace and reproductive behavior.