| BackgroundAll the aging problems which are long-termed and phased in developed countries will occur simultaneously and intensively in China in a short period.The severe trend of aging population has posed a challenge to the traditional pension model.Therefore,it is the only way to cope with the aging problems by strengthening the construction of social pension service system.Social organizations(SOs),as one of the main service subjects,play an important role in participating social pension system,which aims at coping with the aging population.At present,the pension service resources are in a decentralized state,and short of effective coordination and integration.The internal and external deficiencies and threats result in the status quo that the huge participation advantages of SOs in the field of pension services in China is far from being activated.The lack of trust,cooperation,network support and institutional norms in the field of pension services are all the core elements involved in social capital.In the meanwhile,the functions of social capital,such as helping organizations to obtain resources,improving organizational capability and promoting organizational performance etc.,are exactly what the survival and development of SOs needs in the realm of pension services.Since there is a natural fitness between social capital and the development of SOs,it is of great significance to explore the participation of SOs in pension system to cope with aging population from the perspective of social capital.ObjectivesThis study first defines the connotation and core elements of SOs related social capital and performance in the realm of pension services in China,and develops measurement tools at different levels.Then,the writer will discuss SOs in the field of pension from the micro and meso levels of social capital.In order to stimulate the huge participation advantage of SOs in pension service system and cultivate active social capital which can promote SOs performance,quantitative method will be adopted to analyse the relationship among the stock of social capital at all levels of SOs,core individual performance and SOs performance at the micro and meso level.Methods(1)The study is conducted based on following methods: literature review,expert consultation,and political document analysis.The theoretical framework of individual social capital of core members in SOs,index system of intra and inter-organization,SOs performance evaluation in the field of pension system as well as the model of social capital performance and organizational performance will also be constructed.Performance evaluation index is selected according to Delphi Method and preliminary experiments.Besides,weight coefficient will be further confirmed based on hierarchical analysis and experts' demonstration(2)The questionnaire adopts multi-stage stratified sampling.The first stage sampling: six cities was selected equally from the north,the middle and the south of Anhui Province among all the 16 cities.The second stage sampling: have an interview with the people who are in charge of elderly care service of the Civil Affairs Bureau in sampling cities,and determine all the municipal districts of the city as the survey areas,with 15 districts in total.The third stage sampling: in the SOs account system in which the Civil Affairs Bureau in the sampling area participates in social pension service,SOs were selected at a proportion of 50%.There are no less than 20 Type A SOs in each city and all Type B SOs which are in regular operation on pension service are included.Online questionnaires(www.wjx.cn)was conducted on 219 SOs(Type A: 167 departments and nursing houses for the aged and gerocomiums in total.Type B: 52 service centers for caring the old in community and towns)in pension fields in six cities,which are in North Anhui,central Anhui and southern Anhui respectively from September to December 2019.Self-designed questionnaires are adopted when studying personal basic information in the realm of pension system and organizational social capital,organizational basic information and organizational performance,service objects of pension institutions and employee satisfaction of pension institutions,etc.Take a one-to-one survey on investigating the core individuals,service objects of pension institutions and employees of pension institutions.To investigate organizational performance,a combination of onthe-spot inspection and literature review was adopted.(3)The reliability of index system is tested by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and validity by confirmitory factor analysis(CFA).(4)IBM SPSS statistics 23.0 software was used for data analysis.Statistical methods include ?2 test,t test of two independent samples,ANOVA,nonparametric test,Pearson correlation,multiple linear regression,multiple binomial logistic regression model,etc.Finally,To verify the hypothesis model of the relationship between organizational social capital and organizational performance through the structural equation model,and GFI,NFI,RF,CFI,RMSEA,CMIN/DF,AGFI value,PGFI value,IFI value,TLI value and other models are adopted to evaluate the overall degree of fitting of the index evaluation model.The structural external social capital is analyzed by social network analysis.Results(1)In this study,following the requirements of Delphi method,25 representative and authoritative experts who engaged in administrative management,academic research and business practice in the field of pension were selected.Among them,there are 5 experts from Anhui Provincial Department of Civil Affairs and Baohe District Federation of social organizations,14 professors engaged in social work and health management research in Colleges and universities,and 6 well-known leaders of social organizations in the pension field in Anhui Province.25 questionnaires were sent out in both rounds,and 25 valid questionnaires were recovered,with a 100% positive coefficient.The authority coefficient of experts consultation in two rounds are both above 0.7.Finally,the performance evaluation index system of social organizations in the field of A-type pension(including 6 first-class indexes,16 second-class indexes and 55 third-class indexes)and in the field of B-type pension(including 6 first-class indexes,16 secondclass indexes and 38 third-class indexes)are determined.(2)The Cronbach's alpha of core individual capital scale is 0.86,0.81-0.90 in all dimension.The Cronbach's alpha of intra-organizational social capital scale is 0.93,0.87-0.92 in all dimension.The Cronbach's alpha of inter-organizational social capital scale is 0.93 0.77-0.88 in all dimension.Moreover,it has good structural validity.The total variance of 78.035% can be explained by the accumulation of 6 factors extracted from the intra-organizational social capital;the total variance of 67.054% can be explained by the accumulation of 4 factors extracted from the core individual social capital of SOs;the total variance of 63.859% can be explained by the accumulation of 5 factors extracted from the inter-organizational social capital of SOs.(3)The results of multiple binomial logistic regression analysis on the factors influencing the level of core member individual performance in the field of pension service.Taking those individuals who have received pension recognition(individual performance 1)(0=required,1=not required)as dependent variable,the probability of receiving pension recognition for those who have not received management training is 0.344(95%CI=0.151~0.788);and for those who have not received management training is 0.38(95%CI=0.174~0.831);The probability of receiving pension recognition for those who have worked for the pension works for more than 5 years and 2-5 years are 6.474(2.477~16.923)times and 3.927(1.463~10.542)times more likely to be awarded for those who have worked for no more than 1 year;8.911(1.038~76.464)times for those who are full-time than part-time staff,1.36(1.186~1.559)times increment would be made accompanying with the every increment of Cm SC social network;5.621(1.169~2.703)times for the married than the unmarried/widowed/divorced.Taking the teams which have received pension recognition(individual performance 2)as dependent variable,the probability of receiving pension recognition for the female is 0.483(95%CI=0.286~0.817);for those who have not received management training is 0.332(95%CI=0.184~0.598).3.728(95%CI=1.091~12.739)times for those who are full-time than part-time staff;1.36(1.186~1.559)times increment would be made accompanying with the every increment of Cm SC social network.Taking the individual or team that whether being reported on pension field or not as(personal performance 3)dependent variable,the probability of receiving pension recognition for those who have worked for more than 5 years and 2-5 years are 3.127(95%CI=1.625~6.017)times and 2.903(95%CI=1.527~5.521)times more likely to be awarded for those who have worked for no more than 1 year;1.179(95%CI=1.186~1.559)times increment would be made accompanying with the every increment of Cm SC social network and 2.102(95%CI=1.369~3.227)times increment would be made accompanying with the every increment of Intra SC support.The multiple binomial logistic regression model was established by taking the employed member of pension association(individual performance 4)as the dependent variable and the selected suspicious influencing factors which come from the previous single factor analysis results as the independent variable.Here comes the result that the probability for those who do not receive management training being employed as members of the association in the field of pension is 0.283(95% CI = 0.132~0.611)of the trained,and for those who do not have professional qualification certification,the probability is 0.425(95% CI = 0.211~0.854)of the qualified.Taking the participation in the drafting/discussion/solicitation of local pension service standards(personal performance 5)as dependent variable,the possibility for those who have not obtained the professional qualification certification to participate in the drafting/discussion/solicitation of local pension service standards is 0.393(95% CI = 0.19~0.814)of those who have obtained;for each additional score of Cm SC social network,participation in the drafting/discussion/solicitation of local pension service standards is willing to witness an increment of 1.05(1.015~1.087);for each score increase of Intra SC shared language and hope,the probability which to participate in drafting/discussing/soliciting opinions of local pension service standards would be increased for 4.227(1.259~14.186)times.(4)The results of multiple linear regression analysis on the factors influencing the organizational performance level in the field of pension service.Type A: the total performance increases by 4.352 points when the organization operation mode is public construction and private operation,and by 5.86 points when private construction and operation;by 0.035 points when every increment of the aged residents and by 6.344 points when the filing/registration is in various forms.When the filing/registration is in various forms,the environmental performance will increase by 0.537 points;the Inter SC specification,by 1 point,and the environmental performance will increase by 1.037 points.Every increment of full-time staff,the performance of facilities and equipment increased by 0.036 points;every increment of Inter SC trust,and the performance of facilities and equipment increased by 0.531 points;and by 1.667 points when the filing/registration situation was in various forms.When the organizational operation mode is private construction and operation,the operation management performance increases by 1.58 points;by 1.143 points when the filing/registration is in various forms;with every increment of Intra SC specification,and the operation management performance increases by 1.306 points.With every increment of Cm SC cohesion and sense of belonging,service quality performance increases by 1.738 points;when the organizational operation mode is private construction and operation,the operation management performance increases by1.726 points;when filing/registration is in various forms,service quality performance increased by 2.079 points.When the filing/registration is in various forms,and the service effect performance increases by 1.176 points.Type B: The total performance increased by 7.388 points with every increment of approved bed,when health services are carried out by community-independent health service centers,the total performance decreased by 15.924 points;and when Inter SC participation increased,operation and management performance increased by 1.242 points correspondingly.The service quality performance will increased by 2.148 points when each unit of approved beds increased;and decreased by 6.414 points when health services are carried out by community-independent health service centers;the service result performance increased by 3.499 points when the organization establishment time increases each 1 year.With every increment of full-time staff,the service result performance increases by 2.543 points and the service effect performance increased by 1.889 points,also the service effect performance decreased by 2.85 points when there is no home-based care service for the aged;with every increment of Intra SC informal network,and the service effect performance increases by 3.091 points.(5)Confirmatory structural equation model of the relationship between intraorganizational social capital and organizational performance in pension service field of SOs shows the following characteristics of Type A SOs:?2/df=7.269,GFI=0.983,NFI=0.962,RFI=0.905,CFI=0.982,RMSEA=0.07,CMIN/DF=1.817,AGFI=0.937,PGFI=0.262,IFI=0.983,and TLI=0.955.This study finds that the structural social capital in Type A SOs positively influences the cognitive social capital(path coefficient=0.22);the structural social capital in organizations positively influence the relational social capital(path coefficient=0.4);the cognitive social capital positively influences the relational social capital(path coefficient=0.2)and also the service effect performance(path coefficient=0.18);the relational social capital positively influences the service effect performance which in turns positively influences the total performance(path coefficient=0.58).The characteristics of Type B Sos are: ?2/df =4.412,GFI=0.996,NFI=0.957,RFI=0.892,CFI=0.996,RMSEA=0.07,CMIN/DF=1.103,AGF=0.882,PGFI=0.258,IFI= 0.996,and TLI=0.989.In Type B SOs,the structural social capital positively influences the cognitive social capital(path coefficient=0.44);the structural social capital in organizations positively influence the service effect performance(path coefficient=0.21);the cognitive social capital positively influences the relational social capital(path coefficient=0.78)and also the service effect performance(path coefficient=0.22);the relational social capital positively influences the service effect performance(path coefficient=0.17)which in turns positively influences the total performance(path coefficient=0.7).(6)Based on the analysis of social network of structural external social capital in the field of pension service,the result shows that the civil affairs department is the most closeconnected organization of Type A SOs in the field of pension system,with 151 points,followed by other pension organizations,neighborhood committees,with 133 and 127 points respectively;also neighborhood committees are the most close-connected organization of Type B SOs,with 47 points,followed by the civil affairs department and other organizations for the elderly care,with 42 and 40 points respectively.ConclusionsIn this study,the measurement and scale of personal basic information in the realm of pension system and individual level of core members,intra and inter social capital,organizational basic information and organizational performance,service objects of pension institutions and employee satisfaction of pension institutions have been conducted.The result shows that above-mentioned series of survey scales are both of high reliability and ideal structural validity.This study found that the level of the core individual social network is in positive correlation with the possibility of individuals receiving pension recognition,leading teams receiving pension service recognition,individuals or teams being reported by the media for their good pension services,and individuals participating in the drafting/discussion/consultation of local pension service standards;The higher the level of support within the organization,the higher the possibility that individuals or the team they lead will be reported by the media due to their good pension services;the higher the level of the common hope within the organization,the higher the possibility that individuals will participate in the drafting/discussion/consultation of local pension service standards.There was a positive correlation between the organizational operation mode,the number of elderly residents,the record/registration and the total performance of Type A SOs.The high level of core individual cohesion and sense of belonging can increase the service quality performance of the organization;the high level of norms within the organization can increase the operation and management performance of the organization;The high level of trust from outside of the organization can increase the facility and equipment performance;the high level of norms from outside of the organization can increase the environmental performance of the organization.There was a positive correlation between the number of approved beds,the health services provided by the community health service center and the total performance of Type B SOs.Furthermore,the high level of informal network inside the organization can increase the service effect performance of the organization,and the high level of participation outside the organization can increase the operation management performance of the organization.This study raises the previous research on social organizations' participation in pension system to the level of social capital theory,which enriches the empirical research on social organization performance and social capital theory in the field of pension system in China.Cognitive social capital,relational social capital and the relation between cognitive social capital and social organization performance in the realm of pension system are explored from individual level,intra-organizational level and interorganizational level of core members.This study not only opens up new ideas and injects new vitality into the development of social capital in the field of pension services,but also provides a new perspective and theoretical basis for the central and local governments to regulate social organizations' participation in pension system and cope with aging problem. |
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