Research On The Price Of Public Goods

The domestic and foreign academia has made fruitful research on the price of public goods,and today's research still has practical need.The first is based on the need to improve the efficiency of public goods supply,the second is based on the need to improve the country's modern governance capabilities,and the third is based on the need to explore the basis of socialist political economy.Throughout the existing research,the discussion of "public goods" mostly starts from public finance,while the discussion of "prices" is mostly in the field of private goods exchange,although the term "public goods prices" frequently appears in many documents and has become commonly used vocabulary,but the reason why the two concepts can be combined has yet to be further analyzed;there is also a neo-classical paradigm that mostly studies the price analysis of private goods.It may be difficult to explain the pricing behavior of some public goods in reality,and it is necessary to find the new transaction paradigm public goods theory,to re-understand and establish the economic meaning of public goods prices from the internality of property rights pricing and the decision-making nature of "the consensus rules"This article is divided into seven chapters.The first chapter is the introduction,which introduces the research background and significance,literature review,research content and framework,research methods and main contributions.The second chapter explains the basic meaning of public goods and prices respectively.From the perspective of consumption,according to the difference between the competitiveness and exclusivity of consumption,the goods provided by society for people's desire to consume can be divided into two categories:the private goods and the public goods.The latter are further subdivided into the pure public goods and the quasi-public goods.Private goods are competitive and exclusive to consumption.On the contrary,the pure public goods have three definitions.The quasi-public goods have three definitions.They are Reynolds' definition(the quasi-public goods are the private goods with externalities)and Zhicaoyi definitions(the quasi-public goods are competitive and non-exclusive,or exclusive and non-competitive goods)and Buchanan definition(the quasi-public goods are the club goods).From a production perspective,the so-called public goods refer to the goods provided by the public sector,or the goods provided by the organization,or the goods provided by collective decision-making.The price form reflects the quantitative relationship between the use value of a unit and the number of monetary units,and reflects the usefulness of the goods,the scarcity of the goods,the property rights of the goods,the currency of the evaluation,the game ability of the transaction,the social interaction and the price paid.The value foundation of price formation can be summarized as supply-side value theory,demand-side value theory and supply-demand value theory that combine the two,but they all indifferent to the leading position and substance of the property rights of goods in price formation.Only by first establishing the ownership of the transaction subject to the transaction object and the relationship of rights,responsibilities and interests between the transaction subjects can the transaction proceed smoothly.At the same time,the property rights are all rights to obtain income based on a certain factor of production.The monetary cost or value sacrifice of the elements they own due to use or consumption constitutes the cost of the goods,and the value generated and created constitutes the income of the goods.The size of the property rights bundle obtained and transferred by China determines the price level.The discussion of value is necessary to return to the origin of philosophy's definition of value.The inclusion of public goods means that the concept of price should be generalized to achieve logical self-consistency.The third chapter expands the traditional price category from the generalized goods,the generalized property rights,the generalized cost,the generalized income,and the generalized exchange,and draws the proposition of the generalized price.Any price is the price of a certain item or a certain type of item.People live as "social people" and "groups".In addition to individual needs,there are common needs,which are provided by organizations.This includes public resources,public facilities,public services,public welfare,public safety,public order,public development,beneficial goods and other public goods.As the goods needed by mankind expand from private goods to public goods,the price circle should be extended from private goods prices to public goods prices accordingly.Any useful and scarce goods have corresponding property rights system arrangements to match it.The reason why people are willing to pay for the goods they need is because they all have property rights,which will generate property rights costs and property rights benefits.Property rights in a broad sense generally refer to all rights to income based on a certain factor of production.A complete and clear property rights include exclusive ownership,free transfer rights and remaining claims,or ownership property and "common property".Through long-term practice,human society has formed three basic property rights systems: private property rights,collective property rights,and corporate property rights,which correspond to three types of goods: private goods,pure public goods,and quasi-public goods.Cost refers to the monetary cost or value sacrifice based on the use or consumption of factors in the production and supply of goods,and it is generalized with the extension of the category of factors.Broadly defined costs include production costs,transaction costs,environmental costs,and intergenerational costs.They reflect the costs incurred when dealing with people,things,people,people,the environment,and present and future generations.Institutional,environmental,and sustainable factors pay the monetary price and sacrifice value.There is a hierarchy evolution law in the process of generalization of costs,and price decision-makers should use the generalized cost as the lowest economic limit.The input of factors generates costs on the one hand and benefits on the other.Price is one of the factors that generate revenue,and the average revenue is the price.The benefits in a broad sense include not only economic benefits,but also social and ecological benefits.They are the economic income,social welfare and ecological value generated and created by using production factors in the economic system,social system and ecosystem.As the level of human demand improves,non-economic interests are becoming more and more important,and they are incorporated into the price system in various measurable ways.Broad-based costs and broad-based benefits must be recognized by exchanges in order to obtain corresponding compensation and realization.At the same time,broad-based goods and broad-based property rights also change the objects and contents of the exchanges.Therefore,it is necessary to generalize the exchanges.Broad exchange is the transaction of property rights transfer and acquisition.This shows that regardless of whether the transaction subject is between different economic entities or within the same economic entity,whether the transaction object is private goods or public goods,whether the transaction method is voluntary or mandatory,and whether the transaction price is equivalent or unequal,as long as the transfer of property rights occurs The act of reconciliation and acquisition belongs to the category of transactions.The monetary scale of the value of property rights conferred and acquired in the transaction is the price of the goods.The evolution of prices from free prices to regulated prices,and the evolution of taxes from tax revenues to non-tax revenues,also shows that exchange and distribution are identical and can be unified in the proposition of broad exchange.According to the transaction spectrum structured at both ends of the market and bureaucracy,various items,property rights and price patterns can be distributed in an orderly manner.It follows from this that the generalized price is the monetary scale for the transfer and acquisition of the value of property rights of goods.From the perspective of the granting entity,it is the compensatory price of the granting entity based on the cost of the use or consumption of the elements it owns;from the perspective of the acquiring entity,it is the price that the acquiring entity is willing to pay for the benefit of the property right of the item.Broad prices include narrow market prices,fees and taxes.The formation and realization of the generalized price is the equilibrium price reached through the game of all parties to the transaction,following the "consensus rules".Taking transaction costs as the evaluation standard for the performance of the production system,private goods implement private property rights and price systems,pure public goods implement collective property rights and tax systems,and quasi-public goods implement community property rights and charging systems,which is conducive to the optimization of resource allocation and the greatest social welfare.System choice.Examination of prices,taxes,deposits,funds,fines,subsidies,government procurement,etc.in the initial investment,production,sales,and consumption recovery of the enterprise's circular economy not only shows the objective existence of broad prices,but more importantly The combination of broad price measures can make the interests of all parties compatible,maintain value-added value chain,and sustainable development of circular economy.This is where the general price theory really comes into play.The fourth chapter takes the generalized price as the theoretical basis and expounds the mechanism and mechanism of public goods price formation.The mechanism of public goods price formation is different from that of private goods.First,there are multiple transaction links,second,there are multiple price forms,third,there are multiple price levels,and fourth,there are multiple compensation channels.Most agreed "collective pricing decision-making and the equilibrium prices reached by consensus are relatively fixed.The reason for this institutional arrangement is to reflect the principle of balance between fairness and efficiency.The cost of the supply of pure public goods is composed of supply decision costs,production costs,and agency costs.The sum of the three constitutes the total price of pure public goods,that is,the total tax,and the tax paid by the individual is the individual paid by the individual for obtaining pure public goods.The optimization of the price of pure public goods is reflected in the realization of an optimal balance between supply and demand,minimization of compensation costs and optimization of the tax system.The quasi-public goods ? refers to quasi-public goods that can be provided by the public and private sectors and allow market competition.The price is composed of the market operating price(private price)and the government compensation or regulatory price(public price).The value compensation comes from the market Price and government subsidies are two ways.The intensity of government subsidies depends on the degree of public goods.The government's regulation of market prices is more about restricting and preventing unfair competition.The quasi-public goods ? refers to public quasi-public goods with a natural monopoly.Their prices have obvious characteristics of combining administrative pricing and market pricing.It is necessary to distinguish between barrier-free accessibility,the affordability of an enterprise,and the strength of natural monopolies,and adopt different regulatory decisions to achieve compatibility of incentives and constraints,and to balance both corporate and social interests.The quasi-public goods III refer to external goods.The externality can be internalized through the subsidy and tax methods proposed by Pigou,the property rights transaction method proposed by Coase,the vertical integration method proposed by Williamson,and the autonomous governance method proposed by Ostrom.Chapter 5 elaborates the general econometric model of public goods prices on the basis of mechanism analysis.The public goods price measurement model is composed of two independent variables.One is the pricing basis(Bi),which is the basis for pricing individuals.It depends on the consumption characteristics of various types of public goods and the pricing goals of public goods.Pricing is based on ability to pay;the other is the price structure coefficient(Ki),which depends on the pricing policy objectives and the characteristics of the pricing method.There are linear models(such as quota models,uniform price models)and nonlinear models(such as multiple System price,increasing(decreasing)pricing,peak load pricing).Chapter 6 studies the policy of public goods prices.First,it elaborated the grading supply mode of pure public goods and the tax-sharing policy.Based on the analysis of the price structure of pure public goods and the tax policy system,the issue of tax policy regulation was discussed,and the return of taxable fees was pointed out.Then on the basis of reviewing the goal foundation of the quasi-public goods in china,it analyzes the quasi-public goods price policy objectives.It is proposed to change the solidification control of "equilibrium point" to the "stability zone" range control,and change the market or government rail pricing to the "market+government" integrated pricing,or change after-event disposal to pre-warning,finally change single-handedness to comprehensive governance.Chapter 7 is the research conclusion and prospect.On the basis of summarizing the full text,it is pointed out that this article focuses on normative analysis from the perspective of conceptual logic and theoretical speculation,but there is a lack of empirical analysis and case analysis,and the lack of in-depth research on generalized prices needs to be improved and deepened by subsequent research.