Reflection And Reconstruction Of Chinese Citizenship Education

Citizens and civic education has become the theme of the times.However,Citizens and civic education is a foreign word;it originated from the Western cultural tradition and political development.It is a product of Western democracy;it represents the core concept of Western political culture.In the early 20th Century,Chinese enlightenment thinkers learned from Western civic education;the civic education as foreign culture was introduced into the Chinese culture.How well is Chinese civic education going?We need to do a historical investigation and analysis.Civic education,as a political culture,represents the will of the nation,embodied in laws promulgated by the state,policies and codes.Mother tongue textbooks as the important carrier of civic education,not only carry the specific requirements of the national civic education,but also carriers of national culture and the national spirit.And so,this study analysis selected mother tongue textbooks as Chinese civic education textbooks,aimed at analyzing the civic education of the last century in China,what kind of civic culture the mother-tongue textbooks have imparted,what image of citizens have been shaped,and how the culture has been imparted and how the image has been shaped.In this paper,based on the intrinsic logic of development of civic education in the mother-tongue textbooks,a century of civic education based on native language textbook is divided into four stages:The first stage,1904-1936,it is from the beginning of the 20th century until the outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japan.This stage is the initial introduction of civic education,it also the rapid development of civic education,the purpose or goal in civic education is reforming citizens and rebuilding the country.In the early 20th century,the introduction of civic education,communication and native language textbooks written,using a coherent,consistent demands.Thought there are budding civic education textbooks in native language before the revolution,after the victory of the revolution,democracy,republic,equality,the core idea of civic education in the Western was taken for granted,such as the rights to write into the "textbook of the Republic".At this civic education to promote the importance of citizenship,combined with the demands of the times,combined with traditional Chinese culture.Chinese society became more active and aggressive during the New Culture Movement.New Culture Movement makes China learn from Japan switch to the United States to learn,and follow the example of the United States and emulate their courses design,the school opened "civic branch",write citizen readers,the citizen education thought of the US and Europe are widely disseminated through mother-tongue textbooks.After the Northern Expedition,the Nanjing nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek tried to party education,three Principles of education replace civic education,despite resistance,this time the civic education has been Chiang's government to "consolidate political power,the search for identity" and other politically motivated interference.The second phase,1937-1949,it is from the full-blow of the War of Resistance against Japan to before the founding of New China.At this stage of the civic education in the special period of war,anti education and civic education integration,for war service,became a war mobilization tool.In the survival of the country,nation and death,civic education requires individual freedoms and rights of all citizens' contributions to the State;mother-tongue textbooks became a call for special civic patriotic country brochures.Whether or base Guotongqu,attach importance to the combination of civic education and education of the war,emphasis on importance of war mobilization and advocacy.However,in a time of war,Civic education cannot focus on Chinese culture,nor can citizens to comply with internal affairs but simply as a means of mobilization of anti-Japanese war.After the victory of the war,KMT and the CPC attach great importance to civic education,emphasis on democracy,ideas of equality,but the KMT to consolidate the existing regime,emphasis on traditional cultural identity,emphasis on civic national identity;to create a new Communist Party in order to build a new China,and deconstruction of traditional culture against feudal backwardness in textbooks,opposition to the existing regime,resulting in a different concept of civic education or forming a different view of civic education.The third stage,1949-1976,it is the from the founding of New China until the reform and open-up.The purpose of this phase is to develop or train civic education socialist builders and successors,strengthen the ideological and political education.The beginning of the founding of new China,in order to consolidate the new socialist regime in China,adapt to the requirements of new era,Civic education to be "people's education","Successor of education" replaced.People's education,Successor education was highly politicized public/civic education goals,stressing the importance of ideological and political education,stressing the importance of class position,emphasizes the political mission of education.Thus,in this phase of the mother-tongue textbooks stressed the regime agreed or recognized,emphasizes selfless dedication,emphasizes the class nature of civic and moral virtue.During the "cultural revolution" period,Ideological and political education is aliened,promote false democracy,not only trample on traditional culture,against humanity,also misjudged the demands of the times.This stage,mother-tongue textbooks become tools for political propaganda and class struggle.The fourth stage,from 1977to the new century.This phase ushered in a new period of socialist consciousness of civic education.The rapid development of the socialist market economy,emphasis on democracy and rule of law,emphasize human rights autonomy,the culture of socialism with Chinese citizenship as educational purposes,thus the civic as a aims of education of socialist China,which gave birth to the rapid development of civic education.At this stage the contents of civic education in the mother-tongue textbooks also has undergone major changes,emphasis on civic patriotism,emphasizing citizen cooperation,citizen role model has become rich and varied.With the development of economy,the contents of civic education in native language textbooks in the new century involves a public need citizens ' quality of life,concerns the consistency of the Chinese traditional culture and Western culture and the intrinsic value of knowledge as a citizen of a better life and so on.With cultural development,prosperity,China's national cultural confidence is increasing;traditional Culture status in civic education would be enhanced,and an open mind makes Western culture in civic education of citizens correctly rendered,and combined with the requirements of the times,the best period of development of civic education.Through the review of the century of civic education based on native language textbook,we believe that civic education must deal well with the relationship of the three aspects:citizenship as the element of humanity,the political requirement reflected by the nation will;traditional culture rooted in nationalities.Humanity,political system,traditional culture forge the "iron triangle" of citizenship education.This triangle of mutual restraint,formation of a stable structure of civic education,that conforms to human nature,expression of national will and civic education in local traditional culture.Civic education in China should comply with the general requirements of citizenship,based on China's position,reflecting Chinese culture,the problem facing China,Chinese citizens.Therefore,for the civic education in Mainland China,is not not transplantation or localization of the Western civic education,but absorption of citizenship and civic education achievements of human civilization,based on the conscious growth of the local culture and domestic issues.Based on this,finally,this article proposes the idea of the spirit of traditional Chinese ethics as the cornerstone of the citizens and the demands of the times for the two wings of the civic education system.