| In the field of urban economics,human capital externality has always been regarded as an important driving force for urban agglomeration and urban productivity.It occupies a very improtant position in the theoretical system of urban economics,and it is also a hot issues which the urban economists are concerning about.But on the whole,the empirical research on the externalities of urban human capital is not commensurate with its logical importance in the theoretical system.And,the research based on the experience of China is even less like Morningstar.In recent years,China is in an important historical stage of pushing forward the new type urbanization which is "human centered".The acceleration of urban population and the accumulation of human capital will be the main theme of urban development in the future.In this process,how to give full play to the role of people,realize the value of human beings,and make the fruits of development shared by all the urban residents,is an important proposition that not only affects efficiency but also concerns fairness.As a basic power promoting the development of city,shaping the economic structure of city,the externality of human capital will undoubtedly affect every labor's efficiency of value creation and the ability of share ing the fruits of city development.Under the premise that the externalities of urban human capital have not been properly evaluated,any policy aimed at emphasizing the human capital agglomeration and its external welfare consequences will lead to uncertain policy effects.In these backgrounds,the research and exploration about the externalities of urban human capital will have great theoretical and practical value undoubtedly.Based on the above considerations,this thesis aims to answer the following three major questions: Does the human capital accumulation in Chinese urban sectors form significant external effect of human capital? Does the impact of urban human capital externalities on different labor groups and regions is the same? Does it benefit all the workers in different groups and regions equally? Therefore,based on the systematical analysis of the relevant literature,through the microcosmic data of China Household Income Survey(CHIP)combined with the data from city level,we use the least square regression,two stage least squares regression,quantile regression and threshold effect regression to examine the answer three questions mentioned above.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)By using the data from CHIP2013,CHIP2007 and CHIP2002,this paper has measured the urban human capital externalities of China.When the potential endogeneity is addressed by controlling the characteristics of individual and city,as well as by using instrumental variables,the 2SLS estimates indicate that there is significant externality of human capital in Chinese cities.After excluding the potential problems such as sticky wages,the conclusion is still robust.And the intensity of urban human capital externalities have significant differences in different time and space.The empirical results on the micro mechanism of human capital externalities show that:The externality is mainly achieved through two ways: Jacbos externality and the "labor pool" effect,the contribution of MAR externality is weak.(2)The urban human capital externality of China does not make each income class benefit evently.As it is shown by the result of IVQR,urban human capital externality does not evenly make each income class benefit,instead,great structural differentiation is displayed among different income classes.The empirical results based on the household population indicate that the higher the income level is,the stronger the human capital externality is.The wage premium in the richest 10% is about 4 times as large as the poorest 10%.The differences on worker's learning ability,industry's dependence on external knowledge,and the urban labor market segmentation formed by system barriers are all the important inducements of income class differentiation appearing in human capital externality.Although after taking the effects of incomplete substitution of labor force on the urban floating population into account,the benefit ability of low-income groups has been improved somewhat.But,this can not fundamentally change the basic trend that the externality of urban human capital is more favorable to high-income groups.(3)City size is an important constraint condition of human capital externalities.In different city size,the formation mechanism of human capital externalities is significantly different.By using the data from CHIP2013,the results of the threshold effect regression show that,as a whole,with the expansion of city size,the externality of urban human capital show a gradually increasing trend.Due to the heterogeneity of industries,the trend mentioned above is mainly driven by the increase of human capital externalities in the third industry.The externality of human capital in the second industry has not increased with the expansion of the city size,but gradually decreased.And the empirical results about the micro mechanism of human capital externalities show that most micro-mechanisms do not display the simple trend of ‘the bigger the city size is,the stronger the externality will be' as predicted by traditional urban economic theory.(4)The human capital externality is not formed automatically,its formation must depend on the construction of institutional environment,especially the development and perfection of the market economic system.Using the empirical data of CHIP2013 micro data,it is found that the regression coefficient of the interaction between urban human capital and market index is significant.And after taking into account the potential impact of city size and labor force quality,this result is still robust.This shows that the externality of urban human capital is significantly affected by the process of marketization.With the improvement of the marketization index,the externality of urban human capital has obviously strengthed.And protecting the private property rights of labor force,improving the mobility of labor force and strengthening the competition of labor force are the main pathways to influence the human capital externality. |
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