The Institution And Practice Of Multi-subject-participated Poverty Identification

Since our country developed large-scale,organized,planned poverty alleviation and development in 1986,absolute poverty population in rural areas of China continued to decline and the poverty incidence decreased.Since entering in the new period,"trickle-down effect" by fast-growing economy for the poor diminished.Poverty alleviation mode which is mainly composed of regional development omit some poor.In order to ensure that the national rural poverty population is out of poverty by 2020,to achieve the goal that comprehensive constructed well-off society as scheduled,general secretary Xi put forward the concept of "precise poverty alleviation".Precise poverty alleviation includes precise identification,precise support,precise management and precise evaluation.Among them,the precise identification is the basis and the first step of precise poverty alleviation.This article is based on the current government,academia and the realistic problem,widely concerned precise identification by social,to carry out the discussion.While the main focus of precise identification is to identify the poverty-stricken households.In the existing research,scholars explain the issue of miss-targeted in rural poverty identification from the following aspects.First,the vacancy of policy itself,which means miss-targeted is caused by the incomplete policy.Second,the deviation of the aiming mechanism leads to miss-targeted.Third,miss-targeted aim is thought to be the inner cause of miss-targeted in rural poverty identification.Finally,morally explain a series of anomie phenomenon in the process of targeting.In the above research,scholars tend to investigate the subject and treat it as rational person that pursues the maximum benefit.However,human beings are both the purpose-seeking and rule-following animal.In other words,they are not only driven by interests,but simulated,encouraged,guided and limited by the formal and informal institutions.Thus,this thesis tries to answer the following questions from the view of institutions:What are the institutional factors that affect poverty identification?How does the institutional forms transform to institutional norms?How is the interaction between actors and the institution?What the author cares about is whether the aims of different actors in poor families are the same with that of national precise ones.If not,what kind of interest motive and institutional constraint lead the actors respectively?And what kind of action logic does it form?Where will the different actions of multi-subject lead the poverty identification to?To answer the above questions,this thesis reviews the classical heritage of institutional research and compares the diverse methods in institutional analysis in the New Institutionalism,which are calculating procedure and cultural procedure.Finally,the author combines the calculating procedure,cultural procedure,institutional embeddedness and multi-level framework of actors and forms a comprehensive analyzing framework.Besides,the author selects Shu County,a national poverty-stricken county in the northeast of Hubei Province,as the spot of field investigation.The analyzing methods of this thesis include participant observation,depth interview and literature research.In Shu County,institutional factors?behavioral factors?benefit factors and moral factors interweave with each other,which affect the precise identification.First of all,the national poverty line is an insurmountable target of poor recognition.The national standard of poverty line,however,is too idealistic in the process of identifying poor,is too difficult to perform in a specific situation.In order to improve the precision?alternative standards to identify poverty are constantly developed in Shu County through poor recognition practice.The earliest formal institution is "four" standards,namely checking the house.food.school boy and labor force,which are the standards to identifying the poor.Then,Shu County take no house?no car?no financial supply as standards to eliminating pseudo poor.Finally,with the technology support of big data screening,Shu County upgraded the standard of no house?no car?no financial supply to "negative list",as the standards of comprehensive screening pseudo poor.Whether the national poverty line or supporting standards applied in Shu County,they both are rigid and mandatory formal institutions.Because of the practical operation,institutional makers actively promoted the change of formal institutions.Secondly,in the rural society,the formal institutions doesn't work,sometimes lose the effectiveness supposed to produce.This is because inside the rural society,there exists other institutions that are not completely consistent with formal institutions or even informal institutions.In poor recognition,informal institutions are mainly refer to the farmers' fair values.Farmers' fair values have the characteristics of "situational",they showed the difference of "family members and outsiders" when select the poor.In addition,farmers also seek egalitarianism.When farmers stay out to look at poor recognition,farmers have their own concept of justice.Specifically,the concept of justice to determine whether can be selected as poor includes three principles:First,whether can you"live",namely whether survival ethics have been violated;Second,whether "pitiful",daughter family or single-family may not necessarily economic difficulties,but should access properly care.Third,whether "hateful",which is based on the farmers'life standard.For farmers,lazy?poor?fuck and gamble are not good characters.Therefore,this kind of household will not be selected as the poor even if their family condition is difficult,because it's not worth to be taken care of.Farmers' fair idea as an informal institution,is a kind of flexible standard.The survival ethics idea in fair idea is consistent with the purpose of eliminating poverty in the formal institution,thus realize the institution integration.However,fair idea is based on implicit information to judge,and the formal institution is based on explicit strategy to identify poor,so they have certain cognitive differences.In the conflict of the institutions,informal institution prompted the formal institution to respond,and promote the changes of the formal institution.Thirdly,apart from the formal and informal institution,the behavior of multi-subject is also affected by interest and moral principle.Specifically,in the case of the target management responsibility system,policy makers may face political benefits or punishments.As a result,they are requested for the completion of precise poverty alleviation in a serious way,including poverty identification.See from the above,their interest and moral principle are inseparable and consistent.Besides,formal institution restrains the county-level policy maker.They strive to be the first to produce the poverty identification implementation mechanism while ritually maintained the standard of national poverty line and selectively absorbed informal institution.The policy-targeted group is in the face of enormous economic interest in poverty alleviation policy.Since not all the people can be identified as poverty-stricken households,there must be conflicts between interest and moral principle.For the policy-targeted group,they prefer the informal institution to express their view on poverty identification.As for policy executors,the interest is more complex.From the view of "political life'"and "social benefits",their interest and moral principle are consistent.However,from the view of policy objects,various kinds of relations shall be taken into consideration.Both formal and informal institution restrains policy executors.Based on the multiple interest and dual system restrain,the interest and moral principle are out of balance."No accident" becomes their action orientation.In order to fulfill this,on one side,policy executors adopt informal institution when seeking poverty households quota from the upper level.On the other side,they rely on formal institution when explain to the households failed to be elected.This study finds that poverty identification live through a continuous transition change.It is far from the poverty line set by the state and the early adopted "four" standards?few don'ts and negative list.The poverty identification standards changes are not only caused by interest,but also by the policy itself,executive difficulty,informal institution impact and conflicts between formal and informal institution.Policy makers,policy targeted groups and policy executors should not only be the rational one to maximize their interest,but also be the subjects in the policy.Their actions are led by the policy.