The Impact Of US High-tech Intermediate Goodsexport Control On China's Export Trad

Since the reform and opening up,China's manufacturing industry has made rapid development,and the scope and level of participation in international division of labor are expanding.This has also prompted China to lead other developing countries and even most developed countries in terms of industrial added value and total trade volume.However,in the international division of labor system,China mainly undertakes the adaptive R&D function of processing and manufacturing links and technological periphery.It is still at the low-end level of the value chain,and the proportion of intermediate imports is still high.According to World Bank data,China's imports of intermediate goods amounted to US$357.957 billion in 2016,accounting for 22.54% of total imports.Among them,the imports of high-tech intermediate products amounted to 85.467 billion US dollars,accounting for 23.88% of the total imports of intermediate products.This shows that Chinese enterprises are highly dependent on high-tech intermediaries.The "lack of core" caused by the "ZTE incident" confirms that Chinese enterprises are very vulnerable to the constraints of developed countries.The United States has always been an important trading partner of China,and the two countries are closely linked in bilateral trade,foreign investment,international cooperation and government level.As a powerful country in science and technology,the United States should be one of China's technology exporters with relatively backward science and technology.However,in the trade of advanced technology products between the United States and China,the United States plays the role of technology importer,while China has become a technology exporter.In view of the "anti-comparative advantage" characteristics of high-tech products trade between the two countries,some studies have shown that the main reason for this phenomenon is that the United States imposes strict export control policies on China.As an important part of high-tech products,high-tech intermediaries are also restricted by export control policies,while Chinese enterprises rely heavily on some American high-tech intermediaries.Data show that in 2017,China imported 63.98% of the same kind of intermediate products from the United States,and 32.34% of the total imports of high-tech intermediate products from the United States,accounting for $2.129 billion.At present,China has become the world's second largest economy and the largest trading country in goods,and is in a critical period of transformation from a trading power to a trading power.It is particularly important to have a thorough understanding of the US export control policies on China's high-tech intermediate products.In view of this,this paper focuses on the impact of American high-tech intermediaries on China's export trade.That is,the impact of American high-tech intermediate products on the export products of different types of enterprises and enterprises with different productivity,and try to answer the role of American high-tech intermediate export control in this process.This paper reviews the export control policy,the U.S.export control policy to China and the related literature on intermediate trade.It is found that the purpose of the early export control policy is to prevent a large number of gold and silver currencies from flowing out to other countries,protect the development of key domestic industries,and promote domestic employment,thus restricting the export of raw materials to other countries.Food exports have been restricted.Modern and contemporary export control policies are due to the fact that in order to safeguard and strengthen their own interests,countries have formulated their own national strategic objectives from the political,military,economic and cultural aspects,so as to maximize their national interests.The purpose of U.S.export control policy to China is to hinder China's technological progress.Therefore,the long-term implementation of discriminatory export control policy to China has also led to bilateral trade imbalance between China and the United States,which has a negative impact on both China and the United States.The technology spillover effect of import trade of intermediate goods has significantly increased the productivity of enterprises in a certain stage,but once it crosses this stage,the productivity of enterprises is not significantly improved.This paper reviews the export control policies implemented by the United States since World War II,and finds that the export control policies,control lists and control structures of the United States have undergone four major adjustments: the implementation of strict export control policies(1945-1953),the gradual deregulation of export controls(1953-1979),the strengthening of controls to the re-deregulation of controls(1979-1991),and the post-Cold War adjustment of export control policies(1991-present).A phase.This paper focuses on the current U.S.export control policy towards China from three aspects: the legal texts,the scope of effectiveness and the implementation procedures of U.S.export control against China,and the impact of high-tech intermediate export control.It is found that the United States has been implementing discriminatory export control policies towards China.After the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States,although China has been adjusted to the most relaxed group V,it has not been given corresponding relaxed treatment.The export control policy leads to the imbalance of US high-tech intermediate trade,increases friction in US bilateral trade,and is not conducive to the full play of technology spillover effect and can not drive the technology upgrading of importing countries.This paper analyses China's dependence on American high-tech intermediaries.It is found that processing trade still plays an important role in China,and China is highly dependent on import trade of intermediate goods.The study found that China's dependence on imports of bio-manufacturing,non-electrical machinery,equipment and computer and office equipment is obvious.The G-L index and Aquino index are used to measure the intra-industry division of labor between China and the United States.It is found that China has a low degree of intra-industry division in communications,Biological Sciences and the United States,which indicates that there is more vertical division of labor than horizontal division of labor in the two countries.It verifies that China is still at the low-end level of the value chain mentioned above.At the same time,China's dependence on US high-tech intermediaries is generally influenced by US export control policies.In specific industries,China relies heavily on US high-tech intermediaries in aerospace,medicine and non-electrical machinery.By using Heckman's two-stage measurement method and the combined data of China's industrial enterprises and customs import and export data,this paper regards enterprise total factor productivity,enterprise capital intensity,enterprise financing constraints,enterprise establishment time,whether state-owned enterprises,whether foreign-funded enterprises,etc.as control variables,and expands the marginal index of enterprise export(whether enterprises export,export scope,etc.).Export type,export marginal(export quantity,export price)and export amount and product quality of enterprises' export products are the explanatory variables,while the smoothing index and import intensity of enterprises' import of high-tech intermediate products from the United States are the explanatory variables.This paper empirically examines the dual marginal effects of US high-tech intermediate exports and China's exports.The measurement results show that Chinese enterprises' import of American high-tech intermediaries helps to improve the dual marginality of exports.Among them,the import of high-tech intermediaries increases the probability of enterprises' export,increases the scope of enterprises' export and the types of export products,as well as the quantity and price of export products.Generally speaking,the import of high-tech intermediate products in the United States has improved the amount of export products and the quality of export products.Finally,this paper uses the smoothing index of high-tech intermediate imports at the enterprise level to show the intensity of export control for quantitative regression.The empirical results show that the export control of high-tech intermediate imports in the United States is not conducive to the improvement of the dual marginal of Chinese enterprises' exports.