Research On Income Polarization And Its Influencing Factors In China

With the rapid development of China's economy and the widening gap between the rich and the poor,the issue of income polarization has become a matter of great concern to the party and the government and to scholars at home and abroad.The emphasis on the problem of income polarization stems from the reflection of the phenomenon of ?hollowing of the middle class?,that is,when the M-type structure appears in the income distribution pattern,it is easy to cause many social contradictions,anxiety and conflicts.Since the reform and opening up in 1978,China's economy has achieved considerable growth,the overall national strength has been greatly improved,and people's living standards have been greatly improved.However,a fact that cannot be ignored-the income gap continues to expand,income differentiation It is also intensifying.According to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics,after 2000,the Gini coefficient of per capita disposable income of the national residents is at a high level,far exceeding the international general warning level of 0.4;however,it should be noted that the scale of high-income groups is rapidly expanding and the level of wealth is high.The rapid expansion,from the Forbes China Rich List 2010 and 2017 top 100 rich people data can be found their wealth increased by 320%,far higher than the low-and middle-income group changes.Therefore,what is the degree of income polarization in China at this stage? What are the characteristics of the polarization of income polarization,and what is the trend of change? What are the specific formation mechanisms? The discussion o f these issues is important for China to build a harmonious society and maintain stable economic growth.The meaning.In particular,after China entered a new era after 2010,major social contradictions and general tasks have undergone major changes.Has t he law and characteristics of income polarization changed significantly? These questions are the starting point and destination of this study.Based on the CFPS microdata,this paper systematically studies the characteristics of China's income polarization,dynamic changes,formation mechanism and changes in income groups.Specifically,the income polarization phenomenon is taken as the entry point of research,and the polarization connotation,measurement,decomposition and reality foundation are developed.Combined with the middle income group and the liquidity and polarization influence factors,the income polarization evolution is analyzed and formed.Income polarization research framework.The content is mainly divided into seven parts.The first part is an introduction.It mainly introduces the research background and significance,the research summary of related polarization issues at home and abroad,the framework of the paper,the research methods and innovations.The last part is the main conclusions and policy recommendations of the research.And look forward to further research directions in the future.The other five parts are: Chapter 1: Theory of Income Polarization Related Concepts,Measurement and Decomposition;Chapter 2: Historical Evolution of China's Income Distribution System and Income Polarization;Chapter 3: Empirical Measurement and Decomposition of China's Income Polarization;Fourth Chapter income group changes and income polarization;Chapter 5 analyzes the main influencing factors of China's income polarization.Under the above research framework,the following research conclusions are obtained according to the relevant chapters:1.In the macro-reform of China's income distribution,the principle of efficiency priority is reflected in the initial distribution after reform and opening up.The income distribution of enterprises(capital factors)has the fastest growth rate,while the income of labor factor has the slowest growth and the proportion of distribution.In the second income distribution,although the Chinese government pays attention to the principle of fairness in income distribution,there is still a certain gap in the regulation and control.In the micro-pattern of income distribution in China,the income pattern of urban residents shows a certain degree of optimization,and the share of operating income and property continues to grow,but the proportion of wages is still too large;the income pattern of rural residents also shows that the source of income is optimized.In particular,wage income has become the main source of income for rural households,but overall the income level of rural households is low,and the proportion of property income is relatively small.In the regional pattern of income distribution,the regi onal differences in urban income in the four major regions have narrowed,but there is still a large gap between the two regions;the regional differences in rural net income in the four regions also have a narrowing trend,but the northeast region However,there was a reversal after 2012.The change in grade income shows that the income of different income groups in China's cities and towns has increased significantly,but the urban income gap has a tendency to expand and has been characterized by polarization;the income of rural income groups has also increased to some extent,but overall Income growth is slower,and high-income groups are growing faster than low-income groups,and income polarization is also increasing.2.The empirical measure of income polarization shows that China's national income polarization is at a relatively high level overall,and the polarization trend has the characteristics of decreasing first and then rising;the polarization level of urban income tends to decrease slightly,while rural income polarization The level of rising is faster.However,the polarization level of urban income is significantly higher than the polarization level of rural income.In the three regions,the level of income polarization is gradually decreasing according to the east,west and middle,and the polarization level in the eastern region is fluctuating.Larger,followed by the west,while the central region is relatively stable and the income polarization is also low.Further,through the decomposition of income sources,it is found that the main reason for the polarization of income in China comes from wage income.The relative contribution rate of transfer income and property income to income polarization has increased,while the relative contribut ion rate of operating income is obvious.decline.Through the identification-dissociation decomposition,it is found that at the national level,China's income polarization index is relatively stable,while the alienation index and the polarization index c hange simultaneously.At the urban and rural level,urban household and rural household per capita income polarization identity index It is in a downward trend,but the urban family alienation tends to decline,and the rural family alienation has risen sharply.At the regional level,the identity of the three major regions is generally in a downward trend,while the alienation index is basically consistent with the polarization index.In short,the identification-dissociation decomposition shows that the expansion of the national income gap is the main factor that has increased the polarization of income.Through dynamic decomposition,it is found that China's income polarization level is relatively flat as a whole,and the income growth factor still further leads to the polarization of household income,that is,China's income gap continues to expand further and leads to greater polarization,while the decline in income polarization is mainly due to The redistribution effect,that is,the income distribution is more rationalized.In addition,through income estimation,it is found that there is a certain degree of concealment of every source of income in urban and rural households in China.Among them,the average rate of urban household income is between 80% and 100%,and the average household income is The degree of reporting is also around 50%-70%.After the income estimation,the level of China's income polarization has generally increased,and the law of income polarization has also changed.The polarizat ion decomposition after the income estimation shows that the pre-estimation of the sense of identity is gradually weakening and the sense of alienation is gradually increasing.The adjusted identity and the sense of alienation between groups are declining.The main reason for the pre-estimation of income polarization is because The change in the income gap has become an unreasonable structure for the income distribution after the estimation.3.The empirical measures of middle-income groups show that the proportion of middle-income groups in China is relatively low and shows a shrinking trend,which indicates that China's income gap is expanding and income polarization is becoming more and more serious.Further,through the trend of income distribution curve of middle-income groups,it is found that the distribution of middle-income groups gradually shifts from unimodal distribution to multi-peak distribution,reflecting the enhancement of local clustering effect.The external liquidity of the income group shows that the overall relative liquidity between China's low-income,middle-income and high-income groups is gradually weakening,the low-income and high-income groups are relatively solidified,and the middle-income groups are shrinking,which further illustrates China.The degree of polarization of income is increasing.The internal mobility of middle-income groups indicates that the internal mobility of middle-income groups is close to full liquidity,that is,the opportunities for inter-groups among middle-income groups are basically the same.Comparing the income estimates before and after the comparison,the rules of China's middle-income group size,relative liquidity and absolute liquidity are basically the same,but after the estimation,the middle-income group is generally smaller,and the relative liquidity and absolute liquidity are declining.4.Analysis of the main influencing factors of China's income polarization found that macroeconomic factors,financial services,employment structure,education,trade openness,urbanization and government income adjustment have an important impact on income polarization.Among them,the economic foundation,financial services and employment structure have a positive effect on the polarization of Chinese household income,while education,trade openness,urbanization and government regulation ability can help reduce the polarization of Chinese household income.At the micro level,the personality traits of household heads and the characteristics of the family itself have a significant impact on income polarization.Among them,whether the head of the household is married or not and the degree of education has a negative effect on the polarization of income,and whether the gender,age and head of the household are managers have a positive effect on the polarization of income;whether the family belongs to the size of the city and the family is polarized by income.There is a reverse relationship,and whether the family has a car,the proportion of family employment,and the overall education level of the family have a positive relationship with income polarization.Finally,on the basis of this study,it is proposed to continue to promote the steady growth of China's economy;deepen the reform of income distributi on,and expand the scale of middle-income groups;vigorously develop education,improve the overall quality of the population;strengthen coordinated development between regions,and increase the backward areas Policy support;deepen rural reform,promote urbanization,and effectively resolve policy recommendations in terms of dual structure.The innovation and contribution of this paper:(1)This paper constructs the analysis framework of income polarization,systematically expounds the theory and method of income polarization connotation,measurement,decomposition,income group change and income polarization influencing factors,enriched Existing income polarization theory system.(2)In the empirical measurement and decomposition of income polarization,this paper not only examines the law of China's income polarization under the whole sample,but also compares and analyzes the urban and rural sub-samples separately,which helps to grasp the polarization of China's income.Heterogeneity provides a basis f or the refinement and targeting of policy making.(3)In the analysis of the influencing factors of income polarization,this paper separately introduces macroscopic and microscopic factors into the model,and creatively introduces variables such as whether the family owns the car or whether it has been demolished into the model.In addition,it not only improves the accuracy of the estimation,but also enriches the economic meaning of the model.(4)This paper re-examines the polarization measurement and decomposition by means of income estimation.This not only overcomes the shortcomings of the underestimation of traditional survey income data,but also makes the empirical results more realistic and reliable,and provides a more scientific reference for the relevant policy formulation of the authorities.