| The research on the theory of cooperation has been widely concerned by scholars all over the world.Among the 25 "big problems" about "driving basic scientific research and determining future scientific research direction" put forward by magazine of science in 2005,one of them is "how the cooperation behaviors of human evolves".There are many cooperative phenomenons in the economic development,but the cooperation is often weak and unstable because of the self-interest of cooperative participants.Facing this kind of situation,economists make use of the self-interest of individual,the methods of game theory and mechanism of designing to exploit the optimal decisions of each participation and a way to making them independently participate and sustaining this cooperation,which play an instructional function.But only accroading to this approach may not be enough to sustain cooperation.The contract signed by the cooperative participants is an important basis for the distribution of rights and responsibilities before the cooperation.At least,at the moment of signing,both parties have no objection to the cooperation according to the contract.However,even such cooperation that has been communicated and negotiated is prone to dispute in the process of implementation which leads to the failure or even breakdown of the expected effect of the cooperation.From November 6,2015 when the first judgment document on cooperation was issued to March 25,2019,a total of 6434568 judgment documents with "contract" as the key word were issued,according to the data of China's official website.If there is no a certain system to maintain the cooperation in the economy and to protect the participants who earnestly fulfill the responsibility of cooperation,the order of economic activities of our society may be broken.Therefore,in order to maintain cooperation of economy,there must be a certain mechanism to maintain cooperation.Cooperation may be difficult to fulfill simply relying on the strength of cooperative participants themselves,so it is necessary to study the system to maintain cooperation.Self-interested individuals are in a complicated and changeable world.Changes in the outside world may make the original cooperation behaviors no longer the optimal decision.In this case,the original cooperation may break down.In addition,people are not always rational,and the existence of irrational behavior also brings some difficulties to the maintenance of cooperation.With the development of Internet economy,the number of cooperation between strangers increases greatly,and the risk of cooperation is also greater.When the internal self-discipline of the cooperative participants is not enough to restrain their own behavior,they would surrender to egoism,so cooperation is bound to require certain external forces to restrain.According to the review of past literature,the mechanisms for maintaining cooperation can be classified into three categories:the first is the reputation mechanism that excludes the individuals who violate the cooperation;the second is the punishment mechanism that brings certain losses to the individuals who violate the cooperation;the third is the reward mechanism that can give certain material compensation to the partners who perform the cooperation.The more complex system of maintaining cooperation can also be split into these three basic mechanisms to some extent.In reality,whether using credit reporting mechanism or laws and regulations to maintain the normal operation of market economy,which can be ascribed to punishment mechanism and reputation mechanism.Contract execution mechanism can also be divided into reputation-based private execution mechanism and law-based public execution mechanism(Jia and Wu,2004).The reward for the individuals who participate in and complete the cooperation is a reward mechanism.The research about the cooperation mechanism in the past mainly focused in the uncertainty environment,in this environment,the result is certain(Xiao and Kunreuther,2016),this paper add the condition of uncertainty,put the three mechanisms in similar under the framework of the basic model.The research mainly uses the method of evolutionary simulation,based on the strategies of individual behaviors,and presents the final results caused by behaviors as group changes.The evolutionary simulation Model used in this paper is based the main development model(actually ABM,agent-based Model).As a research method and paradigm,this Model has been widely used in economics,but its application in China 1s still relatively few.The specific process of evolution in the research is the "moran process",which can be regarded as either a process of changes of members in a group or an individual strategy updating process.The more people who adopt cooperative strategies in a group or the more collaborators in a group,the higher the degree of cooperation of a group will be.The specific chapters of this paper are arranged as follows:Chapter 1 is the introduction competition contains cooperation,cooperation also contains the competition(Burton-Chellew and Ross-Gillespie,2010),the introduction part mainly discusses the basic relationship between cooperation and competition and the attribute of cooperation.the background of this article,the significance of the topic,research methods and the basic problems such as difficult point of the research.Chapter 2 is the literature review,which summarizes the definition and classification of cooperation,its role in the economy,the factors affecting cooperation and the mechanism of cooperation.Although this paper mainly studies the mechanism of cooperation maintenance,the literature review is not limited to the mechanism of cooperation maintenance'but a relatively comprehensive review of the cooperation theory research,not only reviews the factors affecting the cooperation behavior of micro individuals,but also explains the mechanism of cooperation maintenance.The reason for this is that.on the one hand,there are few theoretical researches on cooperation,and a relatively complete review can better reflect the research progress and potential problems;on the other hand,only with a relatively comprehensive understanding of the cooperation theory can we better study and maintain the relevant mechanism of cooperation.Chapter 3 investigates the basic cooperative behavior of micro individuals.The basic characteristics of cooperative behavior of actors are studied and analyzed by means of questionnaire.The research in this chapter not only reflects the characteristics of individual cooperation in China,but also provides the basis for the simulation in the following chapters.According to the results of the questionnaire survey,we find that the degree of cooperation among individuals varies in different situations,and there is a wide range of altruistic behaviors in cooperation.Even with a certain cost,individuals are willing to take certain measures to fight against dissenters.External mechanisms for maintaining cooperation can promote cooperation.Self-interest is also an important consideration for individuals when they transfer benefits to others.On the basis of the previous three chapters,chapters 4,5 and 6 respectively conduct modeling research on the punishment mechanism,reputation mechanism and reward mechanism.Different from previous studies,we included the uncertainty factors such as the recognition rate of betrayers.the probability of taking certain measures to hit betrayers' betrayals,and the cost-income ratio into the model to further study the model.In chapters 4,5 and 6,the research on the maintenance cooperation mechanism is carried out in a single group,that is to say,the maintenance effect of these three mechanisms on the cooperation of group members is without external interference.Chapter 4 deals with reputation mechanism.In this chapter,firstly,the fragility of cooperation is explained,which needs to be maintained by a certain mechanism,and then the reputation mechanism is studied.In this chapter,a strict reputation mechanism 1s firstly established.Once a traitor is found in this mechanism,his reputation will decline and he is excluded from cooperation."To err is human." in order to give the betrays the chance to correct,the reputation mechanism of tolerance has been established.However,in the tolerant reputation mechanism,the betrayer may change the strategy and make the tolerant reputation mechanism invalid.In this chapter,reputation is further studied.Faced with this situation,when the tolerant reputation mechanism uses the method of double scoring,it can effectively prevent the violation of cooperation by betrayer and effectively maintain cooperation.Chapter 5 deals with the mechanism of punishment.The punishment mechanism we study is divided into two kinds,one is the general punishment mechanism,the other is the strong mutually-beneficial punishment mechanism.Study found strong mutuall-beneficial punishment mechanism can maintain cooperation to some extent,but the instability mechanism is bigger,which is easily affected by external randomness,so it is as a kind of explanation of the existence of cooperation,it can not serve as the mechanism of maintaining the stability of cooperation,the general punishment mechanism is more effective.The conditions which promote the punishment to work can be influenced by many factors.Chapter 6 deals with incentives.The other side of punishment is reward,and the corresponding reward mechanism is another common and effective mechanism for maintaining cooperation.This chapter first studies the effectiveness of incentive mechanism for cooperative maintenance.Because the incentive mechanism itself has its own unique characteristics—it does not affect the reduction of cooperation and means are more moderate,so it can be used as a supplement to other mechanisms.Therefore,this chapter also studies the effects of incentive mechanism when used together with other mechanisms.It is found that when the reward mechanism is used together with other mechanisms,the effect of the original mechanism can be enhanced.In particular,when the reward mechanism is used together with strong reciprocity mechanism and tolerant reputation mechanism,the effect of these unstable mechanisms on cooperation maintenance can be enhanced.In the real world,there is no single group,and often there are multiple groups.At this point,there may be some links between these groups,which may have some impact on the mechanism of maintaining cooperation.Chapters 7 and 8 examine the role of mechanisms in maintaining cooperation in these situations and how mechanisms are selected and set up.Chapter 7 deals with the maintenance and selection of cooperation in the presence of inter-group competition.The results of inter-group competition can be divided into three types,namely survival competition,merger competition and imitation learning.If a group wants to win the inter-group competition,it should not only choose the appropriate mechanism to maintain cooperation,but also select mechanism to make the group to have enough income and win the competition.It is found that the changes of competition results and winning conditions will have an impact on cooperation.With the increase of competition cycle,groups with effective cooperation mechanism are more likely to win in competition.When competition occurs in a very short period of time,groups that lack effective mechanisms to maintain cooperation,or even groups that do not use any mechanism,also have a higher probability of winning.When groups using different cooperative maintenance mechanisms compete together,if the parameters set by the selected mechanism are close,each mechanism will have the interval to exert the best effect,and the most suitable mechanism for the group should be selected according to its own situation.Chapter 8 studies the effects of punishment mechanism,reputation mechanism and reward mechanism on maintaining group cooperation in the presence of inter-group member mobility.Members of a group may migrate from one group to other groups.This kind of flow can change the structure of collaborators and traitors within the original group,and may also change the original size of the group,so that the total number of members of the original group increases or decreases,bringing impact to the cooperation of the original group.The study found that,due to the existence of group member mobility,there is a phenomenon of " Keep good men company and you shall be ot the number".When a lack of effective cooperation mechanism of group and other multiple has effectively safeguarded the cooperation mechanism of community members,flow between members can make up for the inadequacy of the maintenance group cooperation mechanism,so that the degree of cooperation within the group to rise,on the other hand,when a maintained effective cooperation mechanism is lack of effective maintenance group and other multiple cooperation mechanism of community members,flow leads to the group cooperation between members of the maintenance mechanism effect big discounts and even fall.When there is inter-group member flow,in order to maintain intra-group cooperation,a group should not only use appropriate cooperative maintenance mechanism,but also control the flow rate of inter-group members.Chapter 9 is a summary of the whole paper.It makes a brief summary of the conclusions obtained in the previous chapters,and explains the application of the conclusions.At the same time,it indicates the deficiencies in the research and the places that can be further studied in the future.Although the research simplifies the cooperative maintenance mechanism,it does not mean that the research is not of practical significance.According to the previous research,certain means can be adopted to exert influence on the links in the maintenance cooperation mechanism in the specific practice and according to the specific situation.The effect of cooperation can be enhanced by controlling a link that affects the effect of punishment mechanism,reputation mechanism or reward mechanism.For example,people can improve the consciousness of people cooperation by moral suasion,reduce the punisher betrayal will(Dal-B6 and Dal-B6,2014),can enhance communication ability to improve the recognition of groups defectors(Wilier and Feinberg,2014),and though other means to influence mechanism which have influence in specific channels to improve the level of cooperation.Through the influence on these specific links,the key factors affecting cooperation reach the threshold needed for effective maintenance of cooperation so as to let these mechanisms play a role in maintaining cooperation. |
PDF Full Text Request