Research On Us Satellite Industry Organization

The satellite industry is a strategic emerging industry that combines economic benefits with political and military benefits.The US satellite industry is in a leading position in the world,not only bringing considerable benefits to the economy,but also using satellite technology for international cooperation and alliances or military deterrence and confrontation.It is also conducive to strengthening the "national prestige" of the United States.China's satellite industry started late,and there are many shortcomings in satellite manufacturing,launching and commercial development.As the satellite industry's transformation and application in the fields of information,new materials,new energy,energy conservation and environmental protection and biomedicine have greatly promoted economic development,it has been established as the key development direction of China's strategic emerging industries.Therefore,systematic understanding of the development laws and experiences of the US satellite industry and its organizations is of great significance to China's economic development and national defense and military construction.The US satellite industry has experienced three phases: the preparation period,the high-speed development period and the period of commercialization transition in smooth development.Based on the SCP framework of industrial organization theory,an in-depth analysis of the current status and organizational characteristics of the US satellite industry can provide a reference for China's development of the satellite industry.The US satellite industry market structure(S)is generally oligopolistic in terms of market concentration and has high entry and exit barriers.The US satellite companies adopt technology innovation-driven product differentiation strategies to avoid falling into inefficient price wars.Due to the gradual reduction of the differentiated space of core products,the private satellite companies have begun to attach importance to the expansion and improvement of their service capabilities.TheUS government has played an important role in the restructuring of the satellite industry market.On the one hand,the access thresholds for strict supervision have been established through a series of licensing systems;on the other hand,the government provides the domestic private enterprises with subsidies to support their rapid development,which have obtained launch permits and meet national launch requirements.The typical market conduct(C)of US satellite industry includes mergers and cartels.In the integration process of satellite industry mergers and acquisitions,management synergies,operational synergies and financial synergies are formed,and the market structure of the US satellite industry is affected,which has strengthened market concentration.The coordinated conduct in the US satellite industry market represented by cartels is not conducive to market competition,which leads to the collusion and mutual compromise between satellite companies in order to maximize their monopoly profits.In order to break the cartel between the US satellite giants,the US government has vigorously supported the development of emerging satellite companies.This has significantly reduced launch costs and opened up a new era of low-priced commercial space transportation.The US government has also promoted the commercialization of the satellite industry market,and has stimulated the vitality of the satellite industry market,by formulating and revising various policies,gradually relaxing policy control in the commercial satellite field.The market performance(P)of the US satellite industry mainly includes direct performance and indirect performance.The direct performance analysis illustrates that the output value is world-leading of the four major subdivisions of the US satellite industry(satellite services,satellite manufacturing,launch services and ground equipment manufacturing),but there are policy fluctuations.The four major areas are unevenly developed.The upstream satellite manufacturing and launch service industries have lower output values,while the downstream ground equipment manufacturing and satellite(operating)service industries have higher output values.The indirect performance analysis demonstrates that the satellite industry has thenature of national defense,which has the characteristics of large investment and long production cycle.Therefore,the direct promotion effect on economic growth is not obvious in the early stage of marketization of the satellite industry.However,the satellite industry indirectly reflects the contribution to economic growth through its impact on other industries.The US satellite industry has played an important role in agriculture,ocean fishing,and disaster prevention and relief.The relationship between market structure,conduct and performance of the US satellite industry has different performances in different historical periods.Firstly,in the nascent stage of the US satellite industry,the relationship between market structure,conduct and performance has not yet been formed.Secondly,in the period of rapid development of the US satellite industry,the market structure is the core of the three.The completely oligopolistic market structure and the single sales channel procured by the government make the market conduct depend on the market structure at the time;while the market performance determined by simple market conduct has not raised widespread attention.Thirdly,in the period of stable commercialization of the US satellite industry,market conduct is the core of the three,but the relationship between them is complex.The relationship between market structure,market conduct,and market performance of the US satellite industry is interrelated.In the process of development,the US satellite industry has gradually formed the advantages of industrial organizations such as mitigating cartels in market conduct,stimulating market competition,and pushing up market performance.At the same time,the US satellite industry organizations also have problems such as high market oligopoly and commercialization operations driving up market risks.The development of China's satellite industry started in 1956.Although there is a gap compared with the US satellite industry,it has also formed its own advantages in some areas.In view of the development process of the US satellite industry and the advantages and problems in the industrial organization,China should balance the role of the government with the market mechanism,increase government financial support and policy incentives,promote actively the commercialization of China's satelliteindustry and enhance international influence continuously.