| At present,China is in the stage of high-quality development.Expanding the opening of the service industry can accelerate the integration and development of advanced manufacturing and modern service industries,foster new advantages in international competition and a new engine for economic structural transformation and upgrading.The in-depth development of the global value chain has made the international economic and trade rules face a trend of re-engineering.The new rules of service trade are increasingly transformed from "cross-border" measures to "behind-border" measures.The intangibility of service products also determines that barriers to trade in services cannot follow traditional cross-border measures such as tariffs and quotas,and more manifest themselves as behind-border measures that regulate the regulation of a country's services.In the search for a greater degree of openness in the service industry,what kind of behind-border measures are implemented and how the behind-border measures have affected the trade in services?The solution of the above problems has important theoretical and practical significance for realizing the effective opening of the service industry and the high-quality growth of service trade.There are widespread oligopolistic competitions in the service industry market structures of countries around the world,and service transactions often face a high degree of information asymmetry.Some domestic regulatory measures can overcome the above-mentioned service market failures.On the contrary,strict and inefficient intra-border measures also constitute an obstacle to trade in services.Different from the existing research on the openness of analysis or the impact of regulation on trade,this paper takes the lead in proposing a policy framework that combines "moderate openness and effective regulation" in the service industry,which is conducive to the balance between the expansion of the service industry and the strengthening of supervision.Different from the mainstream literature,the "post-indirect" indicators such as service trade volume are used to measure the opening of the service industry.The behind-border measures systematically analyzed in this paper are "pre-existing direct"indicators to measure the opening of the service industry.In addition,summarizes and analyzes different policy areas,service industry market regulation and different service trade supply modes.From the perspective of the content and characteristics of the behind-border measures,and the construction of different levels of behind-border measures indicators for international comparison.The empirical analysis mainly selects the OECD-STRI and OECD-PMR indicators to examine the impact of the behind-border measures on the total volume and quality of service trade from different aspects.This article consists of four parts and nine chapters.The first part includes Chapters 1 and 2.The first chapter is the introduction,introducing the research background,purpose and significance of this paper.The second chapter evaluates the open policy of service industry,the measurement index and the literature on the impact of service industry opening on service trade,pointing out the different analysis perspectives and main aspects of the existing literature.The second part is the theoretical analysis of this article,including Chapters 3,4,and 5.Chapter 3 defines the concept of the behind-border measures,and proposes a policy framework of "appropriate openness and effective control" for the service industry,analyzes the mechanism of the behind-border measures on service trade,and analyzes the differences in the behind-border measures on service trade with the monopolistic competition model.Chapter 4 focuses on the analysis of different policy areas of "foreign capital entry","natural person mobility","competitive barriers","other discrimination",and "regulatory transparency",as well as "cross-border delivery","commercial presence" and "natural person movement".The content and characteristics of the behind-border measures,such as the service supply model perspective,and the construction of behind-border measures of various levels are used for the international comparison of different aspects of the opening of the service industry in Chapter 5.The third part is an empirical analysis,including Chapters 6,7,and 8.Chapter 6 empirically analyzes the differential impact of the behind-border measures of different policy areas,different types of countries,and different factor-intensive industries on trade in services.Taking into account the different requirements of different countries for the behind-border measures,Chapter 7 empirically analyzes the impact of differences in the behind-border measures between countries on trade in services.In addition to considering the impact of the behind-border measures on the volume of trade in services.Chapter 8 empirically analyzes the impact of the behind-border measures on service quality.The fourth part is the research conclusions and policy recommendations of Chapter 9 in this paper,as well as the research shortage and research prospects.Through theoretical and empirical analysis,the conclusions of this paper are mainly:(1)The particularity of the openness of the service industry determines that the measures within the border seek to integrate the two-way process of reducing regulation(reducing barriers to market entry and barriers to service operations)and effective regulation(promoting fair competition and strengthening regulation).There are differences in the behind-border measures covered by different policy areas and trade delivery models.Among them,"competition barriers" are the areas with the largest number of the behind-border measures,In contrast,the number of "regulatory transparency" of the behind-border measures covered by the field is small,indicating that the effective control measures to overcome market failures are relatively insufficient,and the behind-border measures that affect market competition and foreign capital entry are the focus of regulation.In addition,more than 70%of behind-border measures are directed at Mode 3 "commercial presence" and there is a relative lack of behind-border measures for Mode 4 "natural man mobile".(2)There is a gap in the degree of service trade restrictions between developing countries and developed countries.The trade restrictions of behind-border measures of developing countries represented by China and India are generally higher than those of developed countries represented by the United States and Japan.At present,developing countries attach importance to restrictions in the areas of foreign investment,competition barriers and other discrimination,while there are fewer restrictions on borders in the field of natural person mobility and regulatory transparency,while developed countries attach importance to competition barriers,natural person mobility and regulatory transparency.Control has less control over the entry of foreign capital.(3)The behind-border measures of the service industry have a significant negative impact on bilateral trade in services.Among them,the service importing country STRI is more hindered by the service exporting country than the service exporting country STRI.In addition,whether it is a service exporting country or an importing country,its "competitive barrier" policy area STRI has the most serious hindrance to bilateral service trade.Relative to developing countries,service trade in developed countries is more susceptible to behind-border measures.For labor-intensive industries,trade in knowledge-and technology-intensive industries is more susceptible to negative impacts in border measures.In addition,STRIH based on the "answer" principle is more hindered by bilateral service trade than STRIH based on the "score" principle.The opening of the service industry,where the overall market regulation of a country is relaxed,has a significant positive impact on the increase in the complexity of service exports,and the effect of deregulation in the field of"trade and investment barriers" on service export complexity is greater than "government control" and "business barriers."... |
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