| In recent years,economies around the world have recognized that innovation is the most important driver of economic growth.At the National Science and Technology Conference in 2006,China put forward the goal of building an innovation-oriented nation for the first time.In 2007,China put the construction of innovation-oriented nation at the core of its national strategy.In the 19 th National Congress of CPC in 2016,China announced a "three-steps" strategy for scientific and technological innovation,which pointed out a further direction of accelerating the construction of innovation-oriented nation.Building an innovation-oriented nation is an inherent requirement for comprehensively building a modern socialist nation.It is the fundamental way to break through development bottlenecks as well as solve deep-seated problems.It is also a strategic measure to win the initiative in the global competition.Nowadays,China has officially entered into evaluation term of the construction of innovation-oriented nation,as well as the critical stage of accelerating and strengthening the construction of innovation-oriented nation.From both global perspective and the perspective of the country's own development,China is right in middle of an important historical period.Innovation policy is an important tool for the government to implement the national strategy,optimize innovation process,and promote development of innovation.It is essential for innovation policy to adjust its objectives and objects according to the needs of the new era,therefore,maximize the policy effectiveness,optimize the national scientific and technological innovation mechanism,so as to improve the efficiency of the national innovation system and support further construction of the innovation-oriented nation.Based on the innovation policies that China has issued since 2006,this paper summarized the characteristics of China's innovation policy,pointed out relevant systematic and mechanic issues,measured its effectiveness,and used experiences of the United State,Germany,Israel and Japan as data point to give implication to improve China's innovation policy.To understand what is innovation policy is helpful to clarify the role of government in innovation development,and to make clear of the constitutes of innovation policy is helpful to identify its goals as well as the correlation between different innovation policies.In the narrow sense,innovation policy refers to the sum of policies and measures implemented to improve innovation environment and efficiency of innovation activities as well as to serve the economic development.This paper is constructed based on the broad sense of innovation policy,which refers to as the sum of policies and measures to stimulate and protect entrepreneurship,improve the performance of innovation,guide behavior of innovation actors,stimulate innovation related investment,so as to drive innovation-oriented economic and social development.The 7 policy sets which constitutes innovation policy are policies that implemented on top-level innovation strategy,innovation elements,innovation actors,innovation correlation policy and innovation environment,as well as industrial innovation policy and regional innovation policy.Innovation policy is coordinated with innovation theory and innovation practice.Therefore,to study evolution and development of China's innovation policy is helpful to enrich the Marxist innovation theory with Chinese characteristics and refine the Chinese model in the construction of innovation-oriented nation.The generation and development of China's innovation policy can be divided into four stages: from year 1978 to 1994 is the transition period,from year 1995 to 2005 is the exploratory period,from year 2006 to 2015 is the development period,and from2016 till now is the mature period of China's innovation policy.At the national level,a series of innovation policies have been introduced to promote the construction of innovation-oriented nation.this paper used government fiscal spending on science and technology as proxy variable of innovation policy to investigate effectiveness of innovation policy in both macro and micro levels.In other words,this paper tried to find out whether or not the implementation of China's innovation policy affected innovation level of cities and enterprises since 2006.The results showed,at city level,the implementation of innovation policy significantly promoted the city's innovation level,and innovation policy's effect was weaker to those non-central cities than central cities.At the enterprise level,the implementation of innovation policy has significantly improved the innovation level of enterprises,and innovation policy had a stronger promoting effect on the private enterprises than state-owned enterprises.Further investigation showed that increasing the scale of government expenditure on science and technology had not significantly increased innovation output of central state-owned enterprises as well as local state-owned enterprises.This paper also used relevant data released by the national bureau of statistics in 2019 to investigate the implementation effect of various innovation policies at the enterprise level,to further verified and supplemented the previous empirical study.In general,innovation policies related to tax deduction of R&D,creation and protection of intellectual property rights,and accumulation of talents had the most prominent effects on enterprises.The preferential tax policies related to technology development and transfer and the import tax policies related to science and technology innovation had weak effects on the promotion of enterprise innovation.These results will provide beneficial reference for the formulation and adjustment of various innovation policies in China.In addition,in view of some problems existing in the process of innovation-oriented nation's construction in China,such as low efficiency in national innovation system,technology transfer mechanism and innovation resource allocation process,this paper analyzed relevant innovation policies of typical innovation-oriented countries.In this regard,this paper analyzed “a Strategy of American Innovation” and “the New High-Tech Strategy”,used them as reference to evaluate China's innovation performance in each aspect of national innovation system and compared innovation policies related to these aspects.Then,illuminated the mechanism of technology transfer in Israel and the way that its government went to construct financial environment for innovation activities.This paper also expounded innovation policy evaluation system and the method of innovation policy evaluation in Japan,and provided a probable method to construct an evaluation system for innovation policy in China.Finally,based on results of the empirical study of China's innovation policy since 2006,and relevant experiences of typical innovation-oriented countries,this paper proposed countermeasures to perfect innovation policy in China,in terms of talents development,original innovation,technological innovation system and innovation ecosystem to accelerate construction of innovation-oriented nation in China. |
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