| The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19 th CPC Central Committee clearly pointed out,China's agricultural rural development has entered a new historical stage of comprehensively promoting agricultural modernization and comprehensively promoting rural revitalization.In the new stage of development," how to realize the effective link between small farmers and modern agriculture ?" "How can the basic management system with the core of land contracting and family management be innovated to meet the needs of high-quality agricultural development ?" has become a theoretical and practical problem to be solved.Based on the reality that the per capita cultivated land resources are small,the agricultural labor force resources are weak and the total grain supply is tight and balanced,it is gradually recognized by the society to promote the specialized division of labor and cooperation in agriculture and to promote various forms of moderate scale management.At the same time,with the improvement of transaction efficiency,the division of agricultural specialization in China is deepening,but there are insufficient problems in regional,industrial and specific agricultural activities.Based on the situation that small-scale farmers in our country will exist for a long time and be in the main body of basic agricultural production and management,in the process of deepening the specialized division of labor,it is necessary to explore the causes for farmers' participation in division of labor and cooperation,the way for farmers to participate in division of labor and cooperation,and the guarantee of farmers' participation in division of labor and cooperation.Taking agricultural machinery service as an example,this paper explores the cooperation and management of rice farmers from the perspective of specialized division of labor,and answers these questions,"why should rice farmers complete agricultural activities in a cooperative way ?" "How can rice farmers cooperate to ensure the effective realization of agricultural activities ?",and "how to cooperate with rice farmers under the perspective of specialized division of labor" is decomposed into these sub-questions,"what factors affect the cooperation of farmers in rice farming activities?" "How do rice farmers choose cooperative mode of agricultural activities?" "What kind of governance structure and mechanism does farmers cooperatein rice farming activities from the perspective of specialization?".Based on the theories of specialization,family decision-making model,cooperative behavior,outsourcing,transaction cost and transaction governance,and domestic and foreign research,The basic framework,"technical economy and institutional structure of rice production and management determines transaction efficiency,and transaction efficiency determines specialization division of labor and cooperation,specialization division of labor and cooperation needs to match cooperative governance structure and mechanisms",is constructed.Based on this analytical framework and the micro-decision-making of rice farmers,the paper analyzes the reasons why rice farmers participate in division of labor and cooperation,The relationship between specialized division of labor and cooperation,the influencing factors of rice agriculture cooperation and cooperation mechanism,the choice of cooperation mode and the matching of cooperation management;Then from the historical and realistic dimensions,the development of cooperation and governance of rice farmers is analyzed.With the data of the main rice producing areas in China from 2004 to 2017 and FGLS methods,The ivprobit model,endogenous ordered-probit model and multi-logit model are used to verify the influence factors of agricultural machinery technology use or not,agricultural machinery technology use degree,agricultural machinery service cooperation and cooperation degree,agricultural machinery service cooperation mode selection,agricultural machinery service cooperation governance structure and governance mechanism selection.Finally,on the basis of multi-case analysis of specialization division of labor and the logic of rice agriculture cooperation,the corresponding policy implications are put forward.Through research,The following conclusions were reached:(1)In the evolution process of external technical economy,institutional,the cooperation of rice farming activities is based on the goal of minimizing the comprehensive cost and maximizing the comprehensive income,weighing the expected income increase or the expected cost decrease,the transaction cost and transaction efficiency of cooperation,the behavior ability and cooperation ability of subject and group,subjective and objective norms and control,and interacting with many internal and external stakeholders.The four main theories are based on the expected performance of cooperation,lack of analysis of division of labor and cooperation system,and there is a corresponding relationship between the four viewpoints.The reasons for the cooperation of rice farming activities can be divided into three levels: the formation and strengthening of cooperation will,the realization and development of cooperation behavior,and the reason for the continuation of cooperation.Production realization and production cost reduction caused by scarcity of factors of production,transaction cost reduction induced by imbalance of production and management organization system,opportunity cost minimization under the guidance of maximizing the comprehensive income of small farmers,economic feasibility guarantee of transaction efficiency improvement and cooperation,promotion of capacity and cooperation ability of rice farmers,existence and guidance of strong external thrust and support,incentive effect and fairness of cooperative distribution mechanism,survival and development of cooperative organization and improvement of cooperative organization performance etc.(2)The choice of cooperation and cooperation mode of rice farmers is embedded in the evolution process of Technological and institutional structure,being influenced from three dimensions.Institutions mainly consist of macro-property right system,industry protection and support system and mechanism,micro-standard and control system,and it influences directly and indirectly affects the division of labor and cooperation by influencing macro-transaction cost and transaction efficiency,by subsidizing and encouraging micro-transaction efficiency,and by changing the structure of resources,capital and factor endowment of the main body of rice production and management;The technology influencing cooperation and cooperation modes mainly consist with production technology and transactional technology,and the effects are performed by changing the technical and economic structure of agricultural activities,and by changing the transaction efficiency of cooperation,then affecting the motivation of cooperation and the choice of cooperation mode.Technology and institutional co-evolution,the institutional level mainly shows the deepening trend of the property rights intensity,agricultural protection and support intensity,micro-subject norms and incentives intensity,and the weakening trend of rural social relations impact intensity.The technical level mainly shows the deepening trend of mechanization and scientific degree,transaction information and agricultural information level,agricultural activities division of labor and specialization,and the growth of agricultural activities specialized subject and specialized market.The cooperative evolution of institution and technology has shaped the evolution of cooperation and cooperation mode of agricultural activities,which has experienced the evolution trend of intra-household cooperation and relationship-oriented cooperation,passive involvement of farmers and co-operative production cooperation,gradual deepening of marketization and socialization of farming cooperation,marketization and socialization of agricultural activities cooperation.(3)The change of technical and economic structure is the core inducement factor of the market cooperation of rice farmers.The factors influencing the cooperation and cooperation mode of rice production and management include the relative scarcity of resources and factors in the process of rice production and management,the transformation of organization structure of rice production,the comparative income of non-agricultural employment market growth and non-agricultural employment,the public system and industrial policy of agricultural production and management,the network of rural social relations and social culture embedded in agricultural production and management activities,etc.Based on the macro data of four main genera of japonica rice,early indica rice,middle indica rice and late indica rice between the year of 2004 and 2017,the FGLS model is used to find that :(1)The factors,consisting with the agricultural machinery specificity index,the agricultural land rent cost representing the agricultural land rent opportunity cost,the farmer's own labor price representing the opportunity cost,the employment cost have the same influence direction.The cash cost-return index has a positive effect on farm machinery service market purchase in Japonica rice and medium indica rice growing area,and negative correlation in early indica rice and late indica rice.The effect of self-completion cost on farmers showed negativecorrelation in early indica rice and late indica rice producing areas and positive correlation in japonica rice and middle indica rice producing areas.Individual effects of Japonica rice and middle indica rice were different in different provinces.(4)The characteristics of head-household,the social and business characteristics of the family,the technical and economic structure of the village area have a significant impact on the choice of agricultural machinery,the degree of agricultural mechanization,the cooperation between the purchase and operation of agricultural machinery,the degree of cooperation between the purchase and operation of agricultural machinery,and the mode of cooperation between the purchase and operation of agricultural machinery.Using data from the China's Labour Force Dynamics Survey in2016,Using probit and ivprobit model,ordered probit model and eoprobit model,the empirical results show that :(1)the age of the head-household,the health status of the stay-at-home staff,the value of the cultivated land area of the household,the price of the employed workers in the busy farming,and the availability of agricultural services for farmers,take Significant impact on agricultural machinery adoption.The availability of agricultural support services significantly improved the use of agricultural machinery.The proportion of agricultural income,the age of the principal,the proportion of the labor force outside the family,the education level of the remaining population,the ownership or not of the livestock,the area of the family cultivated land,and the degree of access to the agricultural support and agricultural benefits have a significant impact on the choice of the agricultural mechanization degree of the farmers.The ownership of farm animals,the cultivated land area of farmers,the employment price in busy farming,the development of cooperative economic organization,the distance from the nearest county town and the harmonious degree of the relationship between villagers have a significant influence on the choice of cooperative behavior of farm machinery and agricultural machinery.The status of livestock ownership,household cultivated land area,employment price,development of cooperative economic organization,the distance from the nearest county town,the degree of harmony among farmers and the availability of agricultural support services have a significant impact on the degree of cooperation between farmers in agricultural machinery acquisition and agricultural machinery operation.5 Based on different reference groups,the proportion of agricultural income,the sex of the head of household,the age of the head of household,the proportion of female labor force,the status of ownership of livestock,the value of farmland area of farmers' households,whether the reform of agricultural land property rights is certified or not,the logarithm of cultivated land area per capita of rural labor force,the price of employed workers in busy farming,the development of cooperative economic organizations,the logarithm of the distance from the county seat,the degree of harmony between farmers,the availability of agricultural support services in the village area,and the logarithm of the amount of subsidies obtained have a significant impact on the cooperative mode of agricultural machinery acquisition and agricultural machinery operation.However,there were significant differences in different reference groups.(5)The governance structure of the transaction of farm machinery acquisition and farmmachinery operation transaction,the selection of the main stock ownership,is influenced mainly by the certification status of agricultural land confirmation,the development of cooperative economic organizations,the distance from the nearest county,the degree of harmony between villagers,and the availability of agricultural and agricultural services in the village area.By using the data of China's labor force dynamic survey in 2016,the empirical results of the multi-logit model show that :(1)the logarithm of employment price,the degree of harmony between villagers,the distance from the nearest county town,the number of labor force engaged in agricultural production for more than 3months,the per capita cultivated land area of rural agricultural labor force and the availability of agricultural services have a significant positive impact on farmers' choice of market-oriented governance structure.The proportion of agricultural income,whether or not to have livestock,the development of cooperative economic organizations,the distance from the nearest county,the price of employees in busy farming,and the degree of harmony between farmers have a significant positive effect on the probability of choosing mixed governance structure under different reference groups.The status of certification,development of cooperative economic organizations and the availability of agricultural support and agricultural services have a significant effect on the governance structure of the selection relationship between different reference groups.There are significant positive effects on farmers' choice of integrated governance structure under different reference groups,such as the status of livestock ownership,the logarithm of cultivated land area of farmers' households,the development of cooperative economic organizations,the logarithm of distance from the nearest county seat,the logarithmic value of the amount of subsidies obtained,and the availability of services for for farmers.The status of livestock ownership,the logarithm of cultivated land area of peasant household,the degree of harmony among farmers,the development of cooperative organization and the logarithm of distance from the nearest county town are the core factors influencing the choice of cooperative management mechanism of farm machinery purchase and operation.The realization of certification,the development of cooperative organizations and the logarithm of the distance from the nearest county town have significant positive correlation to the management mechanism of farmers' choice relationship.The logarithm of the distance from the nearest county town,the degree of harmony between the villagers and the number of labor force over 3 months have a significant positive effect on the farmers' choice of contract governance mechanism.The proportion of agricultural income,the status of owning livestock,the logarithm of cultivated land area of household farmers,the development of cooperative economic organization and the distance from the nearest county seat have significant influence on the farmers' choice of mixed management.To promote the cooperation of rice farmers,and optimize the mode of cooperation and cooperative governance,we need to start from the following aspects:(1)adjust the focus of cooperative regulation,put the focus on the reduction of external transaction costs and the improvement of transaction efficiency,the transformation of rice production and managementtechnology and economic structure,agricultural entrepreneurship and the development and growth of new production and management subjects;(2)optimize and perfect the corresponding regulation policy.(1)improve the macro-technology and institutional environment of rice industry development.On the one hand,we should further improve the system and policy system for improving the technical efficiency of the rice industry and innovating the organizational system;on the other hand,we should strengthen the construction of agricultural rural public infrastructure and infrastructure,agricultural rural information construction,promote the "information technology agriculture(rice)" process,and reduce the transaction costs of organizational innovation and market-based transactions.(2)Optimizing the technical and economic structure of rice farming activities.On the one hand,efforts should be made to promote the technological change of rice farming activities and to improve the technical standardization achieved by agricultural activities;on the other hand,efforts should be made to promote the innovation of various forms of cooperation and joint organization and management of agricultural land,and to further promote the professionalization,specialization and scale management of rice production and operation.(3)Promote agricultural innovation and entrepreneurship and the development and growth of new subjects.On the one hand,it focuses on optimizing the system and industrial policy system of rice production and operation innovation and entrepreneurship,reducing the institutional cost,risk cost and start-up cost of innovation and entrepreneurship;on the other hand,it focuses on promoting the growth of socialized service system of rice production and operation from the supply side,and providing technical and economic support for the development and growth of rice scale management main body.(4)Promote rural collaborative governance and social relations network remodeling.On the one hand,we should focus on promoting the innovation of the main body and mechanism of rural governance,construct the governance system of coordination and symbiosis among the main stakeholders,and embed the professional division of labor and cooperation of rice production and management in the process of rural governance innovation;on the other hand,we should focus on reshaping the network of social culture and social relations in rural areas.Through the inheritance and optimization of rural traditional informal system,the cultivation of new contract and rule of law culture based on modern market economy,the effective connection between rural traditional excellent culture and modern market economy contract and rule of law culture is realized,and the transaction cost of professional division of labor and cooperation in rice farming activities is reduced. |
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