High frequency, high efficiency two-stage approach for future microprocessors

Following the vision of high bandwidth, the VRs need to operate at much higher frequency than today's practice. Unfortunately, the multiphase buck converter cannot benefit from it due to the low efficiency at high switching frequency. The extreme duty is the bottleneck. The extreme duty cycle increases VR switching loss, reverse recovery loss, and conduction loss; therefore makes the 12V-input VR efficiency drop a good deal when compared with 5V-input VR efficiency.; Two-stage approach is proposed in this dissertation to solve this issue. The analysis shows that the two-stage conversion has much better high frequency capability than the conventional single stage VRs. Based on today's commercial devices, 2-MHz is realized by the hardware and 350kHz bandwidth is achieved to eliminate the output bulk capacitors. Further improvement based on future devices and several proposed methods of reducing switching loss and body diode loss can push the switching frequency up to 4MHz while maintaining good efficiency. Such a high frequency makes the high bandwidth design (650kHz) feasible. Hence, the output capacitance can be significantly reduced to save cost and real estate.; The two-stage concept is also effective in laptop computer and 48V DPS applications. It has been experimentally proved that two-stage VR is able to achieve higher switching frequency than single stage not only at full load condition but also at light load condition by the proposed ABVP and AFP concept based on two-stage configuration. These unique control strategies make the two-stage approach even more attractive.; As the two-stage approach is applied to 48V DPS applications, such as telecommunication system and server systems, more efficient and higher power density power supply can be achieved while greatly cut down the cost. Therefore, after the two-stage approach is proposed, it has been widely adopted by the industry.; In order to further reduce the output capacitance, the power architecture of computer needs to be modified. Based on two-stage approach, one possible solution is to move the second stage VR up to the OLGA board. Based on this structure, the parasitics can be dramatically reduced and the number of the cavity capacitor is reduced from 50 to 14. By reducing ESL of the capacitor, the output capacitance could be further reduced. After that and based on two-stage approach again, VR + LR structure is discussed, which provides the opportunity to reduce the output capacitance and integrate the power supply with CPU. The feasibility is studied in this dissertation from both power loss reduction and output capacitance reduction perspectives. Experimental results prove that LR can significantly reduce the voltage spike while minimizing the output capacitance.; As a conclusion, the two-stage approach is a promising solution for powering future processors. It is widely effective in computer and communication systems. Far beyond that, it provides a feasible platform for new architectures to power the future microprocessors. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)...