| In the first part, I analyze three typologically uncommon sound changes from Anatolian languages: Eichner's lenition, Cop's Law, and Melchert's limited Proto-Anatolian Cop's Law. Eichner proposed the lenition of obstruents between two unaccented vowels as well as after an accented long vowel or diphthong. I unify these environments as tonal troughs, proposing that the lenition represents the controversial phenomenon of reverse tonogenesis. I provide a parallel to Cop's Law from Yupik and propose that it reflects actual phonetic gemination occurring to make all stressed light syllables heavy. This gemination occurred only after all non-mid-central vowels had been lengthened under the accent, and thus made already made heavy. Melchert has proposed that Proto-Anatolian initial stressed e in an open syllable geminates a following consonant and is lowered to a. I explain the change as due to initial glottalization, and provide cross-linguistic parallels. I attribute gemination here to the same tendency to avoid a long mid-central vowel that is observed in the operation of Cop's Law.;In the second part, I etymologize Luwian malhassa - 'ritual' as the substantivization of an adjective meaning '(words/actions) of the groats', paralleled by the Hittite ritual formula memalas uddar 'words of the groats'. Hittite aska- 'gate' derives from Proto-Indo-European h1eh3-s- 'mouth'. Luwian zaganin duwinin is interpreted as 'contaminated with excrement and urine' and connected with Hittite zakkar dur 'excrement and urine'. I interpret Luwian zamman- as 'curse', connecting it with Vedic sapati.;In the third part I present evidence of the cultural interactions between Anatolia and Greece. I interpret the name of the Greek god Priapos as a borrowing of a Luwian *pariyahapusa- 'having a large/erect penis'. Priapos' cult originates from an area inhabited by Luwian speakers. I provide new evidence from the Hittite Ritual of the Men of Lalupiya and other texts arguing for an etymological connection between the galloi , the eunuch priests of Cybele, and the Mesopotamian kalu , the cultic singer known for transgendered behavior. I point out the possible use made by Sophocles of ritual language paralleled by the Hittite myth of the Disappearance of Telipinus. |
