Research On The Acoustic Environment Of Chinese And Tibetan Buddhism Architectures

Human settlement is the living environment that we cannot escape from.Paying attention on human beings and upgrading the quality of sound environment we exist in is one of the everlasting basic appeals of architectural acoustic environment discipline research.Buddhist temples and architectures,as a significant objective of material culture and historic architectural heritage protection,under the operational mechanism of "keeping the temple alive by the temple" with great dependency,its acoustics heritage should be regarded as the intangible and inseparable layer with importance which acoustic heritage includes.Nowadays,the multidisciplinary research of architectural acoustic tends to balance people's comprehensive perception and understanding of historical buildings by taking into account the aural environment influenced by interconnected factors that create human experience,consequently a specific approach to make it come true appears.Nevertheless,society generally own deficient cognition from sound environment in Buddhist architectures such as temples and sacrificial park,referring to the noise disturbing coming from constructing machines and loud human voice in temples and architectures' courtyards destroyes the demands of believers' visiting and monks' living for experiencing the sound comfort in temples,particularly there appearing several acoustical defects when monks are chanting and performing inside the Daxiong halls or Wenshu halls,which is unknown even ignored on purpose.Based on the irreplaceable spiritual significance belonging to Buddhism in Chinese human settlements,this research is positioned to continue the present research in the field of acoustics discipline,simultaneously explores the relationship among human,sound and environment inside and outside the monasteries and other architectures,further searches for the measures to improve attention and solve the realistical problems of Buddhist temples and architectures' acoustic environment as well as provide the continuous improvement to human's environment of temple.What is most meaningful is striving to explore the valuable marginal expansion of the acoustic discipline both in theories and in applications.This paper continues to pay attention to the sounds' status of the architectural heritages such as temples and Buddhist cultural sacrificial park,and researches the acoustic environment indicators and parameters of Buddhist temples and other architectures in the Han region from a new perspective.At the theoretical level,the research scope of architectural acoustics and history are broadened,besides,physical software is introduced to simulate and analyze the sound field of the main hall of the Buddhist temples and other architectures.The thoughts on the application of acoustic evaluation technology are expanded.At the practical level,it compensates the deficiency in acoustic environment parameters and evaluation within the protection of traditional temples of Chinese Buddhism,furthermore,it improves the acoustic measurement database and provides richer data reference for the construction of new temples and other Buddhist architectures as well as the renovation of old temples.This paper adopted a comprehensive research method to analyze and prove research objectives of this paper,aiming at ensuring the accuracy of the research demonstration and the breadth of the application scope,so as to achieve the necessary scientificity and depth to expand this research field in the future.The selected objectives' acoustic data collection and the statistical analysis of simulation results were conducted by SPSS.21 software.The simulation towards the external acoustic environment of the Buddhism architectures were analyzed by Cadnaa--the urban area acoustic analysis software.Comsol Multiphysics 5.4version was conducted to analyze the acoustic environment inside the temples.Finally,the research conclusions of acoustic environment in the inner and outer space of the temples were obtained.Bibliography method was applied to search the previous literatures,which laid a theoretical foundation for the research.With the use of Enquiry Approach,a subjective questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain the basic information of the surveyed visitors as well as the psychoacoustic evaluation.Objective acoustic test was conducted by Statistical Analysis and Experimental Approach,then statistical values of sound pressure level and audio frequency were collected,simultaneously,values of temperature,humidity,distance and size measured.Still combined with acoustic simulation software,using Modal Analysis Method and Numerical Analysis Method,additionally Finite Element Method or Boundary Element Method,ray acoustics sound field simulations were completed directing at the material properties no limited to the structures selves and the linear and nonlinear structural models,analyzing the sound field characteristics of Ursa major,finding the time-andspace changing disciplines of the hall acoustic based on Buddha hall structures.Subjective Evaluation method was also applied to illustrate visitors' preference for temples,palaces and parks,disturbed by noise,the correlations between visual and acoustic factors in monasteries,including the temples overall comfort degree and harmony degree.The research mainly selected the following objects,Shanxi Taiyuan Chongshan temple,three Buddhist main temples in Wutai mountain(Daxiong Pavilion in Xiantong temple,the Daxiong Pavilion in Bodhisattva,Daxiong Pavilion in Shuxiang temple),white pagoda in Wutai mountain,Jinci park and Jinci temple museum,the Lama temple in Beijing,Miaoying temple pagoda which are distributed in different regions as several large architecture groups.These Buddhist monasteries were chosen as research objects because of their completeness and significance in the Buddhist system of the Han regions.The completeness embodies the representative value of Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism and prevents the results from being biased towards some fragmented conclusions.Significance allows the experiment procedures to be repeated and reappearing,which could test the random model deviation of samples selection.The sound environment both in Lama temple in Beijing and monasteries of the Bodhisattva in Wutai mountain as two Tibetan Buddhist are contrasted,and it is found that the connections about the acoustic environment with linkings between the "transition" and "climax" of the visual architectural functional landscape have "synchronicity".For example,the Lmax at the white tower of Tower Courtyard temple exceeds 90 d B,which is also the commanding heights on the visual landscape and sound map of Wutai mountain.The research on the two nodes with similar features of spatial structure and functional types of architectures in Tibetan Buddhist monasteries reveals that the sound propagation in Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in mountainous areas is faster and has a wider range,which is significantly distinctive from the sound field of monasteries in flat terrain.It is concluded that several main halls have their own dominant advantages for Buddhist activities.For example,with highest C80,the clarity of music sound is the best in the main hall of Chongshan temple;the T60 of the Daxiong Pavilion in Bodhisattva is the largest and the reverberance is the strongest.When there is reciting sutras in the temple,the instrument will seriously stain the language sound of reciting,which greatly reduces the sound effect in the temple.The purpose of this research is to reveal the characteristics of the acoustic environment of the inner and outer space of the Buddhist architectures particularly the temples,and to discover the factors that influence the acoustic environment of the Buddhist temple's supernatural power field,finally to improve the acoustic experience of the daily life of monks and vulgar people and to create an ideal space for Buddhist worship.Exploring the properties of material cultural heritage,putting forward the related the sound environment protection strategy and improvement methods of sound environment existing within monasteries and architectures in Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism,in addition advocating inheritance and development.