| Chinese megacities have stuck into city illnesses,including unsatisfactory spatial structures of job-residence,for decades,which is harmful to cities’ production efficiency and residents’ daily life.In order to improve the spacial structure,city planners and government(summarized as hetero-organizer below)tried many approaches,such as job-housing balance,green belt policy and multi-center planning,but did not lead to satisfactory city structure.The emergence of cities is far earlier than city planning,which implies cities can develop spontaneously under self-organize.The dilemma above is caused by the discordance between self and hetero-organization,also caused by the unawareness of hetero-organizer to cities’ self-organizing mechanism.In addition,self-organization is an important step between historical,geographical,environmental,technological progress and spatial structure,which implies self-organization is a good approach for the dilemma above.Thus this dissertation creates self-organization theory in economics based on traditional self-organization and economic theory,and make new theoretical frameworks based on ‘job-housing coordination’ also ‘self and hetero-organization coordination’.Then,combine the self-organization theory in economics with transportation economics theory,transportation locating theory,urban economics and regional economics to study the spatial structure evolution of job and residence.Then,put Tokyo,Beijing and other Chinese mega cities as cases study to vertify the main theory by using qualitative analysis,quantitative analysis,and case comparisons,followed by policy suggestions.The main findings are listed as below.1.Self-organization is a mechanism drives liquidity factors(ie labour and capital)flow,agglomerate and reorganize to the space with higher time endowment.Based on the mechanism,this dissertation puts job-housing coordination,including employment matching,residential matching and commuting coordination,as the criteria to evaluate the spatial structure.Also suggests that hetero-organizer needs to improve job-residence structure by:(1)turning down government steering to economical factor flows,(2)promoting the functional boundary of self-organization,and(3)making more investment to commuting rail traffic.2.Self-organization mechanism can avoid dilemma between huge demand and limited supply of space-time resources in mega cities through driving spatial structure evolution.This evolution contains 2 steps:(1)break ineffective synergies between economic factors and urban space-time,during which path breaking mechanism(PBM)is needed,and(2)create effective synergies between economic factors and spatial-temporal factors,which needs function guidance mechanism(FGM).For one step further,PBM includes sub-mechanism of(1)labor division and(2)agglomeration + diffusion.FGM includes sub-mechanism of(1)agglomeration +diffusion,and(2)commuting construction.Different FGM leads to different result of spatial structure evolution,in which rail transit is better than bus,also better than private transportation and agglomeration + diffusion.3.Strong central metropolitan(SCM)is the best spatial structure for job-housing,whose emergence needs integration between commuting rail transit and job-residence space as FGM,associated by hetero-organizer.The evolution processes of SCM are:(1)construct commuting rail transit under the synergy between self and hetero-organizer,(2)change the distribution of time resource endowment,(3)spatial self-organize based on economic factors’ flowing,agglomerating and reintegrating(PBM and FGM are needed),and(4)SCM structure emerges by process of railway stations,railway lines and commuting network(hetero-organization needed).4.Hetero-organizer needs put the demand about commuting speed and efficiency from self-organizer as the basis to make investment to boost the evolution process.Also needs to:(1)build a rail transit network directly leading to the employment center,as well as vertical high-density development mode on rail stations to enhance physical integration,(2)guide the equivalence of rights,responsibilities and interests among different subjects to enhance organizational integration,(3)construct and improve rail transit financing system,collaborative land supply system and right confirmation system of development subject to enhance institutional integration,and(4)enhance right integration according to activating the incentive of self-organization with right confirmation,alienation the right of urban space reconstruction to market subjects at the micro level,and forming the right iteration and coordination relationship between self and hetero-organizers.5.Tokyo experienced 3 stages of self-organizational evolution about job-housing space.All of the stages driven by synergies between PBM and FGM.The synergies between self and hetero-organization,including hetero-organizers’ association and the releasing of government steering to economical factor flows,pushed Tokyo to evolute from disordered city sprawl to SCM structure after 1964 Olympic Games.6.Beijing and the most of Chinese mega cities are high similarly in job-housing spatial structure both historical and currently.These cities’ hetero-organizers need to learn from Tokyo experience about how to promote the evolution of job-housing spatial structure with self-organizer,and how to create efficiency also orderly rail transit TOD system based on physical,organizational,institutional and right integration. |
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