| Evaluation and selection of Pinus koraiensis parent clones and their progeny families is an important way for seed orchard improvement and upgrading.In this study,50 parent clones and their half-sib progeny families of Pinus koraiensis in Kaishan national seed base in Longjing city,Jilin province were taken as materials.The growth traits,wood traits,seed traits,photosynthetic traits,needle element content,hormone content and progeny growth traits were measured and path analyzed.The multi-trait comprehensive evaluation,cluster analysis and analysis were used to evaluate and select excellent parent clones and progeny families,which provide theoretical basis and excellent materials for breeding and seed orchard upgrading of Pinus koraiensis.The results are as follows:(1)In order to select Pinus koraiensis materials with excellent growth traits such as tree height,diameter at breast height and volume,50 parent clones of Pinus koraiensis were taken as experimental materials in this study to determine and analyze 16 growth traits such as tree height,ground diameter,DBH and volume.The results showed that there were significant differences among clones.The phenotypic variation coefficient of each trait ranged from 4.37%to 48.03%,and the repeatability ranged from 0.013 to 0.900.The correlation analysis results showed that there was a significant positive correlation among tree height,diameter at breast heigh,3 m diameter,5 m diameter and volume,and the genetic correlation level was similar to the phenotypic correlation level.4 growth traits(tree height,diameter at breast heigh,volume,and average crown width)were used as comprehensive evaluation indexes,with 10%selection rate,5 clones(PK11,PK19,PK04,PK14,and PK28)were selected as excellent clones.The genetic gains of the selected clones in tree height,diameter at breast heigh,volume and crown were 8.58%,13.02%,32.72%and 3.83%,respectively.The results of the study can provide important information for the improvement of the breeding program of Pinus koraiensis and provide excellent materials for the breeding of elite varieties.(2)In order to select excellent wood properties Pinus koraiensis resources,the growth traits(tree height,diameter at breast height,volume)and wood traits(basic density,lignin content,hemicellulose content,cellulose content,brown cellulose content,carbon content,fiber length,fiber width)of 50 Pinus koraiensis clones were measured and analyzed.The results of variance analysis showed that except for lignin content,the differences of each trait among clones were extremely significant(P<0.01).The phenotypic variation coefficients of each trait ranged from 5.09%to 24.04%;Except lignin content(0.2689),the repeatability of each trait ranged from 0.58 to 0.88,which belonged to high repeatability.The results of correlation analysis showed that tree height,diameter at breast height and volume were extremely significantly positively correlated(r>0.787),lignin,cellulose,hemicellulose and holocellulose contents were significantly correlated among wood traits,fiber length and fiber width were extremely significantly positively correlated(r=0.549),and other traits were not significantly correlated.The comprehensive evaluation method was used to evaluate the 50 clones.The growth traits were used as the evaluation index,with the selection rate of 10%,the clones PK11,PK19,PK04,PK14 and PK01 were selected.The wood traits were used as the evaluation index,with the selection rate of 10%,the clones PK20,PK34,PK27,PK03 and PK02 were selected.by the combination of growth and wood selection,and the clones PK20,PK19,PK29,PK27 and PK49 were selected.This study can provide new ideas for the evaluation of fine clones of Pinus koraiensis.(3)In order to select excellent Pinus koraiensisclones with high seed yield and rich nutrient content,50 parent clones of Pinus koraiensis were used as materials in this study to determine and analyze their seed phenotypic traits and nutrient content.The results of variance analysis showed that except for moisture content,other traits were significantly different among clones.The results of phenotypic variation analysis showed that the phenotypic variation coefficients of other traits were higher than 10%except seed length,seed width,seed length-width ratio,kernel length and kernel rate.Except for moisture content,the repeatability of other traits was greater than 0.8,which belonged to high repeatability.There was a significant positive correlation among seed width and seed weight,kernel length,kernel width,kernel weight,and thousands seed weight,and a significant negative correlation among carbohydrate content and oil content,protein content,and polysaccharide content.Path analysis results showed that the total effect showed that protein content,thousands seed grain weight and moisture content had positive effects on oil content,and the positive effect of protein content was the largest.According to the selection rate of 10%,in terms of seed phenotypic traits,clones PK04,PK49,PK08,PK32 and PK03 were selected as elite clones.In terms of seed nutrient content,clones PK33,PK16,PK47,PK26 and PK39 were selected as elite clones.In combination selection,clones PK23,PK49,PK29,PK31 and PK10 were selected as elite clones.The genetic gain ranges were 5.30%?27.02%,-38.32%?30.92%and-35.61%?23.56%,respectively.(4)In order to explore the rule of the genetic variation of Pinus koraiensis photosynthetic indexes,the photosynthetic characteristics of 50 Pinus koraiensis clones in Kaishan forest farm were measured with lico-6400 photosynthetic instrument.The results of diurnal variation of photosynthesis indexes of PK27 showed that the net photosynthesis rate(Pn)variation,stomatal conductance(Gs)and transpiration rate(Tr)presented a typical double-peak curve.The intercellular carbon concentration(Ci)of PK27 presented a typical "V" curve.The Pn-Par(photosynthetically active radiation)and Pn-Ca(CO2-response)curves of 3 Pinus koraiensis clones shaped like "S",and also accorded with quadratic equation.Under the luminous intensity saturated condition,the maximum Pn of the 3 clones ranged from 15.00 ? mol·m-2·m-1(PK27)to 15.99 ? mol·m-2·s-1(PK15).Under saturate conditions of the Ca and luminous intensity,the maximum Pn of the 3 clones ranged from 25.08 ? mol·m-2·s-1(PK34)to 27.35 ?mol·m-2·s-1(Pk27).The results of instantaneous photosynthetic indexes of 50 Pinus koraiensis clones showed that the values of Pn,Gs,Tr and Ci of 50 Pinus koraiensis clones were significant different(P<0.01),the phenotype variation coefficients of photosynthetic factors changed between 9.04%-38.25%.The repeatability ranged from 0.57 to 0.94,which belongs to high repeatability.Correlation analysis results showed there existed significant correlation between photosynthetic indexes and environment factors.This study provides a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of Pinus koraiensis.(5)In order to understand the variation law of trace elements content in the needles of Pinus koraiensis,the contents of Cu,Zn,Ca,Mg,Mn and K in the needles of 50 Pinus koraiensis parental clones were analyzed in this study.The results of variance analysis showed that the difference of each character among different clones reached extremely significant level.The phenotypic variation coefficient of different traits ranged from 17.91%(K)to 64.69%(Cu),and the phenotypic variation coefficients of Mn,Cu and Ca were larger than 35%.In addition,the repeatability of each trait was higher than 0.95,which belonged to high repeatability.The results of correlation analysis showed that photosynthetic rate was significantly positively correlated with Mg and Mn content,and Zn content was significantly negatively correlated with tree height,diameter at breast height and volume.In this study,elite materials with high utilization rate of trace elements can be selected.(6)In order to explore the variation rule in the hormone content of different positions and different forms of buds over time,50 Pinus koraiensisclones in Longjing,Jilin province were selected as materials for bud collection and hormone content determination.The ANOVA results showed that there existed significant difference in all hormones among different time,while hormones GA3 and GA7 reached significant difference levels among different buds,and there existed significant difference in all the hormones among different time,positions and the interaction between time and position.According to the variation rule of hormone content in different positions and different form buds,it was found that the contents of GA3,GA4 and GA7 occupied the main positions at different development stages of Pinus koraiensis,and the variation were similar.This study can provide technical support for the selection of fruit-used Korean pine varieties.(7)In order to select and breed excellent Pinus koraiensis progeny families and elite parental clones with fast growth,50 Pinus koraiensis half-sib progeny families were selected as materials,and the seedling height,ground diameter,survival rate and survival rate were measured and analyzed.The results showed that except for the interaction between the 4-year-old ground diameter group and the family,all traits were significantly different among the families(P<0.05).The variation coefficients of phenotypic traits ranged from 6.85%to 29.89%;The heritability of each trait was high,except for 4-year-old ground diameter and survival rate,which belongs to high heritability;Correlation analysis showed that the correlation among all the traits reached a very significant positive correlation level.50 Pinus koraiensis progeny families were evaluated by multi-trait comprehensive evaluation method,with 10%selection rate,PK29,PK38,PK21,PK37 and PK48 were selected.The average height and ground diameter of 4-year-old seedlings were 29.26 cm and 0.93 cm,3.51 cm and 0.06 cm higher than the total average,respectively.The genetic gains were 10.08%and 2.33%,respectively.5 elite parental clones PK38,PK21,PK26,PK20 and PK49 were selected through general combining ability.This study can provide theoretical basis and materials for the evaluation of elite families and the construction of improved seed orchard.(8)In order to provide molecular basis for the application of Pinus koraiensis varieties,the fingerprint construction and genetic relationship analysis of 50 Pinus koraiensis clones were carried out.The results showed that 16 pairs of primers could clearly separate 50 clones,construct the specific fingerprint of 50 Pinus koraiensis clones,and construct the two-dimensional code of each clone fingerprint.Cluster analysis showed that 50 Pinus koraiensis clones were divided into three categories.The clones in the same category had close genetic relationship.The genetic relationship of 19 clones such as PK01,PK05 PK07,PK12,PK13,PK14 and PK15 was relatively close.The genetic relationship of 7 clones such as PK02,PK06,PK20,PK27,PK32,PK33 and PK45 was relatively close.The genetic relationship of 24 clones such as PK03,PK04,PK08,PK09,PK10 and PK11.The fingerprint two-dimensional code obtained in this study has a positive effect on germplasm innovation,variety breeding,variety identification and efficient supervision of Pinus koraiensis seed market. |
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