Research On Effective And Safe Drinking Water Supply System In Rural Areas

Rural drinking water safety is a worldwide problem.The United Nations,the World Health Organization,the World Bank and other countries attach great importance to it.China is no exception.Over the past 40 years,it has invested 1 trillion yuan and built more than 11 million rural drinking water projects.Covering nearly 1 billion rural residents.From the perspective of drinking water projects and their coverage,China have fully solved the drinking water problems of rural residents,but numerous surveys and statistics show that the situation is not optimistic.The reality is: on the one hand,a large number of drinking water projects are distorted,the official statistics show that at least about 50% of the projects are unsustainable,and the real situation may be worse than this.On the other hand,a large number of rural residents still live a life that drink depends on destiny,including some residents covered by the project.Especially where the economy is underdeveloped and there is plenty of rain.Why is there such a situation where there is supply and demand but no transactions? Clarifying the contradiction between the supply and demand of rural drinking water and the objective laws behind it Improving the innovative system are the topics of continuous and in-depth research by many experts,many achievements have been made.This article intends to draw on the experience of previous studies to draw from rural drinking water Starting with product attributes,we will build an analysis model for the effective supply of rural drinking water and comprehensively analyze the effectiveness of the rural drinking water market,find the institutional roots and innovate,and provide institutional support and guarantee for practical problem solving.1.Research Questions(1)Try to find other basic attributes of rural public products beside "non-competitive" and "non-exclusive",so as to find a basis for the qualitative determination of the rural drinking water stage,and draw clear boundaries for clarifying the responsibilities of the government and the market in rural drinking water.Whether a product is a public product,it neither "natural" nor "pure",neither "lifetime" nor "universal",it should also have a certain stage and class nature,not only with the ruling concept is related to ideology,and is also related to a certain stage of development,regional conditions and supply capacity.If any product is a public product in a certain historical stage,a certain region,and within a certain amount,exceeds a certain stage,range,it is market products.beyond a certain amount.The current obvious ones are rural education,transportation,culture,medical care,etc.(2)Try to sort out the changes and development trends of the rural drinking water system in China,construct an analysis framework for the effective supply of rural drinking water,and find the basic types and laws of rural drinking water.Research and compare the differences between rural drinking water project and urban water supply projects,rural infrastructure and general public goods,explain their uniqueness,and based on their characteristics based on the existing market supply and demand balance and other related theories and analytical models,build a theoretical framework for rural water supply project market supply and demand analysis,and use the constructed theoretical analysis framework to analyze In the current rural water supply project,in the ever-changing rural water supply market,find its essential characteristics with common characteristics and main types with regularity.(3)Attempt to find the core source that affects the imbalance of rural drinking water supply and demand and the failure of governance from a system perspective.Rural drinking water has a huge rigid demand(the basic water demand of the people,inelastic,no substitutes,no complementary products),and a huge supply However,it is difficult to form a stable supply and demand market between the two,and failures can be seen everywhere: "Everyone uses water indiscriminately" or "Everyone does not use it","Everyone does not care" about water supply projects,and no one says about existing problems."Everyone is not sure about the price of water" or "No one is paying",etc.The research intends to rely on the theoretical analysis framework constructed to systematically sort out the internal and external factors that affect the operation of rural water supply projects and the role of the corresponding factors analyze and compare,the focus is on the supply system,price system and governance system and other core influencing factors and the mechanism of action,find the main causes and causes of various "market failures" and provide a reference for establishing a stable supply and demand link mechanism.(4)Attempt to carry out "Caldo improvement" to the current rural drinking water system,establish a universally applicable rural drinking water effective supply system,and form a "decision tree" flow chart that can be easily applied.Rural drinking water projects is the infrastructure to ensure the safety of rural drinking water in rural areas.and to a centain extent,it is the most basic public product in rural areas.How to play these large and small projects through institutional innovation is not only related to the basic life of the people,but also to the investment benefits of the project.The basic laws of social development and the different stages and strategic objectives of economic and social development,combined with the previous rational analysis,continuously innovate the rural drinking water supply system,establish an effective governance mechanism for the rural drinking water market,and form a suitable decision tree for decision-making The decision is made according to the graph.2.The conclusion of the studySome basic judgments can be obtained from theoretical analysis and actual data.In real life,it is natural,inevitable,and more normal for rural drinking water to have a large number of supply inefficiencies.This is the objective of the current management system and operating mechanism.The main conclusions are:(1)Priority guarantee is an essential attribute of rural drinking water safety.Compared with other rural public products,rural drinking water,especially the basic part of drinking water safety,has a wide coverage-involving everyone in thousands of households,lack of harm Big-it is the most basic necessity for everyone and has no substitutes,strong lethality,unstable supply,uneven balance and other characteristics.It has a priority to guarantee supply in all public products.(2)Market failure is the main performance of the rural drinking water market.This provides a theoretical basis for the government to intervene in the rural drinking water market.Of the 360 possible situations in the rural drinking water market,only 72 kinds of markets are effective.Among these 72 effective markets there are only 44 cases where there is excess profit,that means the water supply project is profitable,and 4 cases are zero profits,that means breakeven,and the remaining 288 are all at a loss,which also means that 80% of the rural drinking water market will fail,which is the fundamentals of the rural drinking water market,so the government must actively intervene.(3)Cost sharing is the core problem of the rural drinking water market.This provides a policy basis for the government to subsidize the rural drinking water market.Statistics show that among the 288 market failures,216 failures and water supply prices are higher than the people can afford Relevant,this is particularly prominent in the backward areas of western China,especially in remote mountain areas,high altitude areas,and arid areas: on the one hand,because rural residents live scattered,the altitude gap is large,the initial investment in drinking water projects is large,and the water consumption is small,it is difficult to form Economies of scale.On the other hand,because the economy in rural areas is underdeveloped,people's economic income is low,the affordability of water prices is weak,and there is a significant scissors gap between revenue and expenditure,which needs to be solved by the government.(4)Problem stacking is the main feature of the rural drinking water market.This is a practical need that the government must take multiple measures to solve as a whole.From the above analysis,we can count that there are 648 problems in 288 failure states,on average in each case.There are 2.25 problems,of which there are only 96 kinds of single problems,and the problems that exist in the remaining 192 states are staggered and superimposed.Among them,72 kinds of problems are interleaved,72 are 3 kinds of problems,and 48 kinds of problems are all 48.This means that for a large number of problematic rural water supply projects,only a single measure cannot solve the problem of market failure,and it needs to be coordinated,multi-measured,and comprehensively implemented.(5)Institutional innovation is the primary task to solve the current problem.The large-scale construction of rural drinking water projects is about to pass,the major contradictions facing drinking water supply and demand have undergone profound changes,and the main tasks will also enter a turning point.Previously,projects were centered on investment.The central and management-centric drinking water system is difficult to adapt to new contradictions and new tasks.It is necessary to innovate and build an effective drinking water supply system in rural areas in advance,use innovation to release system dividends,consolidate construction results,improve investment efficiency,and enhance the well-being of the people.3.Possible innovationsThis research aims at a large number of existing rural water supply projects that have been idle and abandoned,and from the dimensions of theoretical derivation,logical deduction and empirical testing,reveals the internal logic of the large number of dilemmas of "market failure and governance failure",which reflects Features of applied research.Specific innovations may include the following:(1)Put forward the theory of rural public product and rural drinking water zoning governance.According to the coverage and lack of harm standards,the rural public product zoning(ABCD)design was proposed to determine the priority of rural drinking water(A zone).According to the relationship between supply and demand and Market principles,to divide the rural public product supply market(ABCD),put forward the special status of rural drinking water demand(ac C)in rural public product security.According to market effectiveness standards,the rural drinking water division(ABCD)analysis,Focus on strengthening the government's main responsibility in areas where supply is ineffective.After the realization of rural drinking water district governance,it is effective in increasing government responsibility in reducing government burden and enhancing market vitality in opening up supply.(2)Constructed an analysis model of rural drinking water market that integrates "price control" and "supply and demand intervention".This article finds out the basic types and basic laws of development of rural drinking water market through analysis,and constructs the effective supply of rural drinking water.The market analysis model comprehensively analyzes 360 possible situations in the rural drinking water market one by one,distinguishes between market efficiency and market failure,and provides a basis for dividing the government and market boundaries in the effective supply of rural drinking water.It also finds the main causes of market failure cause and type.(3)Make a comprehensive analysis of the current rural drinking water system and carry out "Caldo improvement".This article has collected and analyzed a total of 38 current rural drinking water supply systems at the central,local and grassroots levels,from the responsibility system and financing.The system,distribution system,water price system,subsidy system and other 8 aspects examined the current status of the efficiency of the current rural drinking water system and the realization of the main objectives and personal goals of the system,and proposed highly feasible suggestions for government decision-making.Avoiding rural drinking water various chaos that has appeared in the supply of other rural public goods has appeared.At the same time,according to the "Karl-Hicks Standard",the current rural drinking water system has been "Kaldo improved" to innovate the effective supply system of rural drinking water,including 7 based on the analysis of the three levels and 38 current rural drinking water systems,we have innovated various systems for the effective supply of rural drinking water and constructed a rural drinking water centered on the total supply-total sales(cs-cs)system.An innovative system of effective supply.