On Modernization Of Chinese Feed Science And Technology In The First Half Of The 20th Century

Feed is the most important source of animal nutrition and the material basis for the survival and development of animal husbandry.The first half of the 20th century(1900-1949)was a transitional period for China's feed science and technology from traditional to modern.The essence of modernization of China's feed technology is the transformation,reconstruction and upgrading of traditional feed system in China by Western feed technology.The Chinese traditional feed utilization system is complete and characteristic,which is manifested in the following aspects:eclectic development of feed resources,rich and varied feed treatment and feeding methods adapted to material conditions.The biggest dilemma of the system lies in inadequate feed supply and lack of awareness.The former leads to the decline of large livestock industry and the degradation of livestock and poultry germplasm,while the latter is embodied in the lack of feed perspective and top-level design.At the end of the 19th century,when the modern western feed knowledge was first introduced to China,the characteristics of "interdisciplinary" in feed science had already emerged.Almost all the founders of Chinese feed science have studied abroad,and they also formed the core group of scholars in the field of feed in China in the first half of the 20th century.At the end of the 19th century,when the modern western feed knowledge was first introduced to China,the characteristics of the "disciplinary intersection" of feed science were already evident.In the early 20th century,the introduction of Western feed technology reached a new stage,not only with more forms of introduction,but also with larger scale,and the most important feature was the translation of Western feed technology "special text" specifically for feed as a research or research object.The introduction of western feed technology has completely opened up the modernization process of China's feed technology.This process is roughly divided into four stages:the initial development period,the volatility rise period,the peak period of modernization,and the turbulent decline period.The initial establishment of feed science is the result of a combination of agricultural chemistry,animal husbandry,botany,crop science,and even science.In the field of agricultural chemistry,feed science is the first to achieve breakthroughs from subject courses to machine building systems.In the field of animal husbandry,feed science is generally included in the "breeding" and "livestock" systems,and has gradually formed a feed science and education center represented by the National Central University Agricultural College,the Northwest Agricultural College,and the Central Animal Husbandry Experimental Institute.In the process of establishment,there are two major changes in the feed science itself.One is the fusion of feed science and animal nutrition,and the other is the differentiation and semi-independent development of pasture.Today's two basic systems of feed science,namely,the combination of feed science and animal nutrition,and the independent discipline of pasture are traceable to this.Marked by the first special paper on Feed Science in China in 1900,Composition and Digestion of Important Feeds,scholars began to change their view from "livestock and poultry" to "feed" and gradually constructed a feed science system with "feed" as the research object,and feeding experiment,chemical analysis and cultivation experiment as the basic research methods."Scientific investigation" is often the first step in scientific research.Besides agronomy and animal husbandry scholars,botanists and "rural constructionists" are also the main forces of feed scientific investigation.In the 1930s,the official and academic circles jointly launched an upsurge of forage investigation in Northwest China,in which a number of scientific fields and social forces jointly participated."Feed Nutrition Research" is the most basic and most important research direction in the field of feed.On the basis of in-depth understanding of "nutritional components",scholars have made a lot of discussions on "nutritional value" and "the relationship between nutrition and organism"."Forage research" is a relatively independent research direction,which mainly focuses on cultivation experiments.Most of the research subjects are in the northern grassland area,and the southern part is represented by the Central Agricultural Experimental Institute.Under the urgent need to solve the real production problems and the guidance of practical thinking,the transformation of feed cooperation results has been regarded as one of the important propositions of the feed science community in the first half of the 20th century.Overall,it is in the "preparation" and "attempt" stages of the transformation of results.The preparation of the transformation of feed cooperation results includes two aspects,one is application-oriented basic research;the other is the introduction and self-development of Western feeding standards,which reflects the fact that the Chinese feed academy actually chose American roads.The attempt to the transformation of feed cooperation results has two aspects.One is to use newspapers and periodicals as the main position,and to promote the concept of cooperation and promote feed formula.It is particularly worthy that the feed concept of chicken has begun to sink to the production end;the other is the feed cooperation guidance and training conducted by a small number of scholars,groups or institutions.From the limited historical data,we can see that the transformation of feed cooperation results was the most successful in the chicken industry.The modernization of China's feed technology in the first half of the twentieth century effectively solved the dilemma that traditional feed technology had faced.On the one hand,the feed supply link has been significantly optimized.According to statistics,at least 12 major categories,53 sub-categories,and 295 kinds of feed have been used.Based on the perspective of agronomists,30 kinds of common feed for livestock and poultry,including corn,bran,rice bran,wheat,ect.Popularly speaking,the "eatable" of livestock and poultry has become more and better.On the other hand,the cognition and concept of feed in the academic,political and production circles have been reformed to varying degrees.In addition,it may be more important that the first half of the twentieth century was an indispensable foundation for modern feed technology and the feed industry.Without these 50 years,there would be no rapid development of feed technology today and the world's second feed industrial system.Of course,there are at least three problems in this modernization process,that is,the academic circles' excessive negation of tradition,the government is still in a state of absentness,and farmers are basically out of position.A falling leaf is enough to tell the coming of autumn,the modernization of China's feed science and technology in the twentieth century is the epitome of the modernization of China's animal husbandry technology and the entire scientific system.The chook feed sector has over half of the monographs and far exceeds the attention and theoretical level of other livestock breeds,reflecting the structure and production status of chook-led animal husbandry in modern China.The other side of the rough modern scientific theoretical system is often a broad subject extension,which provides soil and space for the emergence and development of emerging interdisciplinary subjects.In addition,due to the objective limitations of the current situation and the degree of social development,the modernization of China's science and technology is especially shackled by economic principles.If science and technology exceeds the cost principle,it will inevitably lead to ineffective promotion.Therefore,although feed science and technology in this period has achieved a lot of pioneering contributions,most of them are still in the stage of metaphysical theoretical discussion,and the shortcomings of popularization and application development are obvious.However,just as Zhuang Zhou said,"the shape of the first thing must be ugly",the above shortcomings and deficiencies cannot cover the pioneering achievements and foundations of feed science and technology development in this period.