| Regional ancient farmland water conservancy system is describing of water conservancy system and its relationship with nature and society.The analyzing of ancient farmland water conservancy system could solve the problem of how to merge the researching of water conservancy and water conservancy society history.It has academic value while it make multidisciplinary integration become true.The result of this researching can help us solve the problem of how to protect water conservancy heritage.So why we chose Regional ancient farmland water conservancy system in Putian as analyzing object?There are dynamic water conservancy remains in Putian,which means it's a typical area of farmland water conservancy system researching.The researching will also help us forming awareness of ancient water conservancy system in Putian,while we could analysis its characteristics and value.In traditional water conservancy and water conservancy society history researching,water conservancy project system,management law system and cultural system were isolated objects.Their contacts were ignored.The researching of regional farmland water conservancy system,which focusing on Putian between Tang and Qing dynasty,is a progress compare with the traditional researching.The using of water right conception will help us analysis the characteristics and value of regional farmland water conservancy system in ancient Putian.The forming of regional farmland water conservancy system needs special environment.In ancient Putian,the forming of farmland water conservancy system is first affected by geographical environment.The city was high in the northwest and low in the southeast,while mountains located in the northwest.Mulanxi,Yanshouxi and Qiuluxi river were the 3 main rivers in Putian,while Mulanxi river was the largest.The rivers were long while their birthplace were in the mountains.Secondly,climate and disasters could also affect the forming of farmland water conservancy system.Precipitation in Putian were high in the mountains and low in the plain because of some climate factors.That means floods birth in the mountains would came during summer,and destroy almost everything on the plain.Seasonal distribution of precipitation causes dry weathers,which would happen several times in Putian during 1 year.Finally,administrative and demographic factors have their own effects.Putian and Xianyou as 2 counties were built in Tang dynasty.They were integrated in Xinghuajun city in Northern Song dynasty.Xinghua city,which was an old name of Putian,were combined of 3 counties before Ming dynasty.After Xinghua county was revoked,only 2 counties remained in the city.Population size in Putian were rapid growing in Northern and Southern Song dynasty,in Yuan and Ming dynasty,the growth were stopped,while in Qing dynasty it was recovered.The development of regional farmland water conservancy system could be described in 3 aspects,which were water conservancy construction,management and culture.The environment factors in Putian shows great potential of agricultural growth.To meet local people's demands of irrigation,the system of farmland water conservancy must be found.Water conservancy construction in Putian started in Tang dynasty.It included the construction of irrigation and coast works.The local people did reclamations in the north,after which they built reservoirs.The built dikes to cut off Yanshouxi river and led the water to flow in canals to irrigate Beiyang area,which means civilians in Putian could have the ability to build large irrigation works.During Song and Yuan dynasty,civilians built 4 large irrigation works,which called Nananbci,Taipingbei,Shihuabei and Mulanbei.They also drilled ditch system on the plain to irrigate farmland.In the northwest mountains,small irrigation works were built to meet the water needs of local people.During Ming and Qing dynasty,people in different irrigation areas repaired their own works,while trying to perfect the irrigation system.Coastal residents build large coast works to keep tides from destroying local agricultural production,while the local governments paid attention to coast works.Further development in coastal areas became possible.Water conservancy management system in Putian were started in Northern Song dynasty.Administrators or famous squire toke in charge of irrigation work managements.They built management organizations to repair those works,while workers in the organization were paid by rents of specially purchased fields.The large repairing project were charged by local government or local squire groups,workers were paid by the government.Distribution of water resources would not be changed after administrators finished the ditches led to different villages.During Ming and Qing dynasty,water management system in Putian were changed by water user groups.,who became the true manager of water conservancy management organizations.There were 3 different irrigation work management system,which called Zhangjia,Zhenjia and Gongzheng-Nenggan.The large repairing project were charged by local government namely,the true controller were local squire groups.But the local government still had the power to control distribution of water resources.They use fair ways to solve water disputes in plains,and between plains and coast areas,in which make water rights became true.Coast work management system in Putian were completely built during in Ming dynasty.Dijia,a coast management group which consist of Dihu,people live in coast areas,started to take charge of coast works,by which to earn water resources from the plain.It was finally made sure in Qing dynasty.The ancient water conservancy system in Putian has its own historical characteristics.It shows specific path of technological changes.The accumulation of water conservancy construction technology started in Tang dynasty,including 3 kind of technology which called reclamation by coast works,water reserve by reservoirs and diversion by cut off the rivers.These technologies has great effect on surrounding water conservancies.In Song and Yuan dynasty the local technology developed rapidly,which get achievements on water reserve by cut off the river and diversion by channel digging.The development of water conservancy construction technology were stopped by low investment during Ming and Qing dynasty,but local people found ways to strengthen water conservancy management called integrated management.Water community appeared in Putian during Northern Song dynasty,which helped local people built the own management system since then.At first the water communities were too weak to attend managements.During Ming and Qing dynasty,the water users in different irrigation area combines their water rights with management duties,which led to the formation of water user groups.The group attended water conservancy management by cooperating with local government,and finally became the leader.The ancient water conservancy system in Putian shows Systemic design,strict construction process control and sound management systems of irrigation and coast works,which shows its own scientific benefits.The management system of water finally infected the construction of local society.The founding of farmland water conservancy system in Putian created conveniences for agricultural production of local people,which led to the progress of local economy.The building of farmland water conservancy system and its managements led to the growth of cultivated land in Putian,while local people were willing to expend their own cultivated land because of the growing demands of irrigation water.The water conservancy system in Putian has its own cultural effects.Water god system,as a special religion system,appeared in Tang dynasty.It gathered large group of believers after then.Temples which worship those gods were built by local believers during Tang and Song dynasty.The government paid attention to water god system in Northern Song dynasty.The emperor commanded the ministers to make ceremonies for those gods.After Ming dynasty,the forms of activities about water god system were diversified.Administrators,local squire groups and ordinary people had their own ways to show worship,as the administrators attended public sacrifice activities,local squire groups attended their personal sacrifice activities,and ordinary people attended folklores.Water conservancy records were the most important water literature,.which included specific records and overall records.There were two specific records remain,which called Collection of Mulanbei and Annals of Mulanbei.They were both written by local squire groups in Ming dynasty,while they were both valuable references.Local Water Conservancy records in Putian,which was the only overall records remains,was written by Chen Chiyang in Qing dynasty as the record of his own water conservancy construction experiences.Water conservancy cultural factors in Putian had different symbolizes.Water god system were tools to get water rights to the administers.It was also tools to get high status in irrigation areas to the local squire groups,who also use specific water conservancy records to fight with each other.But the god system were just a religion to the ordinary people,while overall records were just including knowledges.The water conservancy culture merge into local cultural system and Inheriting important water conservancy spirits,which both show its significant social value.The farmland water conservancy system in Putian is a valuable wealth to local society. |
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