Differential Response And Suitability Evaluation Of Typical Species To Geographical Environment In Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Geographical environment difference is the key reason for the difference in the formation,transformation and accumulation of key effective components of medicinal plants,and it is also a research hotspot to explore the difference in the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine.Swertia mussotii Franch.,as the main basic source plant of Herba Zang Yingchen in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau,has established its status as a classic liver protecting medicine in long-term clinical practice,Little is known about the spatial differences of climate elements,effective components and geographical differences of pharmacodynamics in the typical distribution areas of Swertia mussotii Franch..With this perspective,Swertia mussotii Franch.,was selected as the research object.The geographical information of Swertia mussotii Franch.distribution was obtained from literature retrieval,Chinese Virtual Herbarium and field investigation.The geographical spatial distribution pattern of Swertia mussotii Franch.was systematically analyzed,and the study area was determined.Based on the data analysis of National Meteorological Information Center and China Meteorological data network,the spatial distribution pattern of climatic factors in the study area were described.The spatial differences of climate elements were discussed in the main distribution areas of Swertia mussotii Franch.from the macro point of view.The distribution points of Swertia mussotii Franch.,which were obtained from literature reports and field sampling in the study area,were grouped by climate factor cluster analysis.The main active components content and fingerprint of Swertia Mussotii Franch.from different points in study area were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The main effective components content differences of Swertia mussotii Franch.from different areas were anazlyed by similarity analysis,cluster analysis.The main effective components and drug effect differences of Swertia mussotii Franch.were also further analyzed in different distribution areas from the micro point of view(effective chemical components and pharmacological effects).The liver protective effects of Swertia mussotii Franch.were compared and evaluated by pharmacodynamics and serum metabolomics in CCl₄ induced the acute chemical liver injury module in rats.Further,the factors of geographical environment affecting effective components were analyzed from the macro perspective(spatial differentiation and influencing factors of effective components).The relationship among geographical environment factors,active components and efficacy was discussed,and the potential distribution and ecological suitability of Swertia mussotii Franch.in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were analyzed and evaluated.The spatial differentiation and influencing factors of effective component content of Swertia mussotii Franch.were studied by inverse distance weighted interpolation method and geographic weighted regression model.Max Ent model and Arc GIS technology were used to predict the potential suitability distribution of Swertia mussotii Franch.under climate change.At the same time,the potential distribution of Swertia mussotii Franch.in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the change of high suitable growth area under the scenario of future climate change were discussed.The main conclusions are as follows:1.Swertia mussotii Franch.were distributed in the east and southeast of Qinghai,the northwest of Sichuan,the east of Tibet,and the northwest of Yunnan,between 28°to 38°N in latitude,and 95°and 103°E in longitude.The main distribution areas were located in the southeast of Qinghai Province and the northwest of Sichuan Province,between 30°to 34°N in latitude and 95°to 103°E in longitude.so this area is determined as the study area.2.The spatial distribution pattern of annual average solar radiation in the study area is increasing from southeast to northwest.The annual average solar radiation is more than 4500 MJ/m² in Northwest area including Chengduo county and Yushu City.The most parts of central and Western area were between 3500 and 4500 MJ/m²,With an average annual value of less than 3000 MJ/m²in Xiaojin county and Lixian County in the East area.The annual average precipitation in the study area decreases from southeast to northwest,it ranges from 400 mm to 600 mm in the northwest including Chengduo county and the north of Shiqu County,600 mm to 800 mm in the most of central and west,and 800 mm to 1000 mm in the East Central Region.The high value areas of precipitation are concentrated in Kangding and Xiaojin counties in the East.The average temperature in the study area is characterized by high in the East and low in the West,under 0?all years along in the northwest including Chengduo county and the north of Shiqu County,and most region in the southwest and central range from 0 to 5?,while the temperature in the high value areas is zonal distribution,mainly concentrated in the high mountains and valleys of malkang,Xiaojin County,Danba and other areas.3.The study area was seprated into C1 region and C2 region,respectively.C1region is located in the southeast of the study area,C2 region is located in the middle and northwest of the study area.The average contents of swertiamarin,gentiopicroside,swertiamarin,mangiferin and isoorientin in Swertia mussotii Franch.in C2 region were higher than that of C1 region,while the average content of dangyaoflavin was lower.4.Swertia mussotii Franch.from both regions had hepatoprotective effects,but there were differences.In C1 region,the effect of high concentration(S5)Swertia mussotii Franch.extracts on reducing ALT and AST were better than that of positive drug group,but the reducing TBIL and ALP was less than that of the positive drug group.In C2 region,the effect of high concentration extracts(Q5)from Swertia mussotii Franch.on reducing ALT,AST,TBIL and ALP were better than that of positive drug group.The liver protective effect of Swertia mussotii Franch.in C2region was better than that of Swertia mussotii Franch.in C1 region,especially in cholagogic effect.Metabonomics study suggests that C1 and C2 regions'Swertia mussotii Franch.have hepatoprotective common and specific metabolite pathways.The liver protective metabolites of Swertia mussotii Franch.in C2 region are closer to the positive drug group,indicating that Swertia mussotii Franch.in C2 region have better liver protective effect,which is related to the higher average content of swertiamarin,gentiopicroside,swertioside,mangiferin and isoorientin.5.The spatial differentiation study of effective component content showed,The content of Swertiamarin,gentiopicroside,swertioside,mangiferin and isoorientin are low in C1 region,mainly located in Xiaojin County,Danba County,Daofu County,Kangding City,Li County,Jinchuan County and Yajiang County in the northwest of Sichuan Province,while high in C2 region,mainly concentrated in most areas of Chengduo County,Yushu City,Shiqu County and Ganzi County,Luhuo County Baiyu County,Xinlong County.The content of dangyaoflavin is high in C1 region,mainly located in Danba County,Xiaojin County,Rangtang County,Hongyuan County,Jinchuan County,Daofu County,Kangding City,Yajiang County.Among those the content of dangyaoflavin in Rangtang County,Jinchuan county and Xiaojin county are higher than that in other areas in the southeast of C1 region.The content of dangyaoflavin is low in C2 region,mainly concentrated in Chengduo County,Yushu County,Nangqian County,Shiqu County,Ganzi County,Luhuo County,Xinlong County,Baiyu County.The study of influencing factors showed,there was a negative correlation between swertiamarin content and the average temperature and average annual precipitation in the wettest quarter in the study area.The content of swertioside was negatively correlated with the slope of the study area.Mangiferin content was negatively correlated with average annual precipitation,soil clay content and slope.The content of dangyaoflavin was positively correlated with the content of soil clay and slope in the study area.Affected by a variety of geographical environment factors,the average content of swertiamarin,gentiopicroside,swertioside,mangiferin and isoorientin in C2 region is higher than that in C1 region,which is the reason for the better liver protection effect of Swertia mussotii Franch.in C2 region.6.The main environmental factors affecting the potential distribution of Swertia mussotii Franch.in modern climate were temperature(the highest temperature in the warmest month and the average temperature in the coldest quarter),precipitation(average annual precipitation)and vegetation(NDVI).The high suitable area of Swertia Mussotii Franch.was 3.34×10⁴ km².The area of moderate suitable area is7.711×10⁴ km².The area of low suitable area is 15.45×10⁴ km².In the future climate change scenario,the suitable area of Swertia mussotii Franch.decreased a little,and the total suitable area will be increased,showing an increasing trend.The area of low suitable area also increased,which means that new suitable area may appear while the suitable area decreases.The high suitable area of Swertia mussotii Franch.will transfer to high latitude area.With the increase of emission concentration,the increased area of high suitable area of Swertia mussotii Franch.is much larger than the reduced area.