| Aspect categories have always been the focuses in the linguistic study field. Perfective aspect, as a lower type of aspect categories, has been paid great attention by researchers, and is the most attractive part in the aspect categories research. In long survey of the research situation of Chinese perfective aspect, researchers usually prefer the grammatical aspect centering on perfective aspect marker "le" and ignore the situation aspect. Therefore, enhancing study on perfective aspect verb and situation aspect can not only benefit existing research results about grammatical aspect, but also heips clearing the evolution process of Chinese perfective aspect syetem.Accroding to the judgement criterion of Lu Shuxiang(1985), Chinese history can be divided into ancient Chinese and modern Chinese with the boundary of Later Tang to five dynasties. The Analects of Chan Zutangji born in this period, having both new expressions beginning to emerge and old linguistic forms from prosperous to decession, is the most important grammatical material opening modern Chinese period. As far as the perfective aspect in Zutangji, some perfective aspect verb such as "bi", "qi", "jing", "yi" which used in the perfective aspect structure "V(+O)+Vw "flourished in Six Dynasities have fallen into a deline; By contast, new perfective aspect structure represented by "V+que+(O)" began to rise, which eventally accomplished the rise and fall with "V+le+(O)". However, we can not definte all the "V(+O)+bi/qi/jing/yi " and "V+que+(O)" in Zutangji as perfective aspect structure, in that way, not that "bi" "qi", "jing", "yi", "que" in above structures can be seen as perfective aspect verb, we should make a concrete analysis of concrete problems. This thesis just regards "bi" "qi", "jing", "yi", "que" in Zutangji as research object, differentiates the perfective aspect verb by grammaticalization with those in grammaticalization process. During the research process, we established a corpus based on some representive works from Pre-Qin dynasty to Southern Song Dynasty. At the same time, the thesis also borrows achievements of contemporary linguistics such as grammaticalization theory and situation type theory to over-all planning the language materials.The paper consists of seven chapters. Chapter one is a brief introduction including four sections. The first section introduces the origin and edition of Zutangji; the second section consists problems of current research and significance of selecting the topic; the third section lists the corpus used in this thesis; the forth section presents research theory, research method and objective of this thesis.Chapter two is "bi". According to the position of adverbs, the correspondence of syntactic structures and the semantic feature of V, we conclude that "V+bi" can not be seen as verb-complement structure forming by reanalysis during the grammaticalization process, that is to say, V is only the subject of this structure and "bi" serves as the predicate verb, which can not be regarded as the perfective aspect verb. For "V+O+bi", because of the postiton of adverbs and the semantic orientation of V, this syntactic strcuture is also viewed as subject-predicate structure but not perfective aspect srtructure. This chapter meanwhile analyzes the event type and message structure of "V+O+bi", finding it basically acting as background event and delivering background message.Chapter three is "qi". "V+qi" should be analyzed as subject-predicate structure in the Pre-Qin and Two Han Dynasties. Some part of "V+qi" evolved to verb-complement structure by reanalysis during the grammaticalization process, in which v can either situate in the back of adverbs or has situational features of telic and state. However, Old structure which long existed with new expression having the same surface structure, did not immediately disappear until Tang and Song Dynasties. This phenomenon just manifests that "V+qi" is in the intermediate stage of chain of grammaticalization, which results in the dilemma that we can not distinguish syntactic strcutures of those lacking semantic or formal evidence. If we view those examples as verb-complement structures, "qi" can only serve as result complement and express the grammatical meaning of completion. As for "V+O+qi", according to the postiton of adverbs and the semantic orientation of V, this syntactic structure is also viewed as subject-predicate structure but not perfective aspect srtructure. From above we can conclude that "V+qi" and "V+O+qi" are in the differerent stage of grammaticalization, both of which attach themselves to forguound events and can not indepedently express complete meanings.Chapter four is "jing". "V+jing" and "V+O+jing" evenly developed and were both in the intermediate stage of chain of grammaticalization, As for those examples lacking semantic or formal markers, there are two possibilities of their syntactic stuctures, which mean we can not view all "jing" as the perfective aspect verb. As far as the range of usage of "V(+O)+jing", it basically appears in Chinese translated Buddhist scriptures and in rare in native works. Entering Modern Chinese period, "V(+O)+jing' only sacttered in Analects of Chan such as Zutangji and all disappeared after Sourthern Song Dynasty. "Jing" in Zutangji can locate afer verbs with situational features of telic, serving as phase complement and express aspect meaning of telic. However, the usage of "V(+O)+jing' is restricted when competing with new expressions of perfective aspect.In addition, most "V(+O)+jing' can not independently use in context, serving as background event and conveying background message in compound events.Chapter five is "yi". As for the origin of "V(+O)+yi", we agree with the opinon of Jiang Shaoyu(2001):on one hand, "V(+O)+yi"originated from Chinese, which is the result of self development of Chinese grammar; on the other hand, the frequency and funcitional degree rapidly enhanced during the process of translation of Buddhist scriptures. To the same extent with "V(+O)+bi/qi/jing ","V(+O)+yi" usually attach themselves to forguound events and can not indepedently express complete meanings. The grammaticalization degree of "V(+O)+yi", however, is obviously higher than "V(+O)+bi/qi/jing',all of which can be classfied as verb-complement structure in six dynasties, that is to say all "V(+O)+yi" is the perfective aspect structure. Verb "yi" can be arranged freely with V consisting of different situational features so that forming a continnum in the grammaticalization degree. However, the usage of "V(+O)+yi" is restricted in Zutangji when competing with new expressions of perfective aspect. Morever, "V(+O)+yi" mainly emerges in Chinese translated Buddhist scriptures and the analects of Chan, the limitation of which result in the disappearance of "yi" when in a relatively higher level of grammaticalation.Chapter six is "que". Compared with the structures discussed above, "V+que+(O)" is the new syntactic expression in the modern Chinese period. Because many schoolars have explained in detail the development of "V+que+(O)", we are unnecessay to discuss the longitudinal development of it; on the contrary, we mainly describe the semantic and grammatical features of "que" in the synchronic plane according to the situation type of V. If V has the stiuational features of activity, most "que" in "V+que+(O)" contain additional lexical meaning, which means we can not view them as perfective verbs. If V has the situational features of telic or state, "que" serve as phase complement and express aspect meaning of telic and realization, all of which can be regarded as perfective aspect verbs.In addition, we can use "V+que+(O)" in a fexible way, which can serve as both background event and foreground event.Chapter seven is conclusion. This chapter conclude research result and describe similiarities and differences among the above verbs. The conclusion can be devided into several facets:firstly, "V+que+(O)" prefers to "V(+O)+bi/qi/jing/yi'in function of event and communication of message; secondly, The identity of perfective aspect structure must use united principle of forming and meaning, semantic defferences and deep structures of syntactic relationships should be considered; thirdly, the expression of aspect meaning is a gradual continuum, perfective aspect verbs after verbs with different situational features manifest different grammatical meaning, which form a expressed sequence of situation aspect; thirdly, we should correctly treat the relationship between language contact and self development of Chinese:we should realize the positive influence of foreign language and do not exaggerate it unproperly, realizing the inner factor is decisive factor in language development. |
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