Study On Migration History Of Hani Ancestors In The Dynasties Of Yuan,Ming And Qing

History is both a science about the past and a science about the present.As a great country,China herself which has vast territory,abundant resources,numerous nationalities,long history and continuous culture is a precious and unique heritage.Migration used to be common in humankind's history.The historical migrations of Chinese ethnic groups created directly formation and distribution of nationalities in modern China.Being an integral part of the migrations of ethnic groups in Chinese history,the migration of Hani ancestors influenced greatly the formation of its branches and distribution areas in modern times.Based on "Great Unification" theory,Braudel's"Historical Period" theory,and Scott's "Not Being Governed" opinion,the study focuses on the relationship between marginal ethnic group and the central dynasty,and supplements it by the relationship between marginal ethnic group and geographic environment,the relationship between marginal ethnic group and the others.It attempts to analyze the migration history of Hani ancestors in Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties from multidimensional perspective,and to find causes,fertures,influences and other interesting things in Hani ancestors' migration by historical records,Hani oral materials and field datas,etc.In Yuan Danasty,Yunnan returned unified multi-ethnic China state.In Ming Danasty,through active operations,there had been taken place great changes in Yunnan society.When Han Chinese became the main ethnic group in Yunnan,the ethnic structure had been experienced historical turn.In Qing Danasty,the government comprehensively promoted Yunnan's development on the basis of the former dynasties.In addition,the whole Yunnan's "Inland-changing" had never been upgrated to an unprecedented level.At the end of Qing Danasty,Yunnan was faced with invasion of Britain and France.For the rule and integration of Hani ancestors,the three dynasties of Yuan,Ming and Qing went deeper and stronger from generation to generation.The migration of Hani ancestors in Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties had always been in the framework of"China or the world" of the central dynasty.After the continuous migrations in the three dynasties,there weren't Hani ancestors any more in the Northeast of Yunnan,Southwest of Sichuan and the Liuzhao Shan Mountains areas.The distribution areas and population center of gravity of Hani ancestors tilted toward lower latitude and warmer climate zone.Finally,it formed a mordern distribution pattern of Hani population.Most of them lived in southern Yunnan and a part extended to border,while a small number scattered in the mountains of the northern part of Yunnan,central Yunnan and some counties east of the Red River.The short period of "events" was the direct driving force behind the migration of Hani ancestors.The "situation" in the middle time was the middle indirect motivation of Hani ancestors' migration.The "structure" in long period-culture-was the very deep motive of Hani ancestors' migration.There reflected the initiative and creativity of Hani ancestors from the control and influence of deep cultural motivation on the surface direct motivation and the middle indirect motivation.There were distinctive characteristics in the migration of Hani ancestors in Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties.The formation of migration characteristics was closely related to factors such as geography,climate,nation and the central dynasty.The migration of Hani ancestors in Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties not only involved complex relations,but also had far-reaching influence.It caused great changes,such as spatial changes in the distribution of Hani population,social and political system changes,branch differentiation,different custom,and so on.In the relationship with other ethnic groups,there was a national migration gear effect,and there were both struggles and interdependence.But it eventually evolved into a vertical ethnic distribution zone of harmonious symbiosis.In the relationship between ethnic group and the central dynasty,migration leaded to the geographical marginalization and cultural marginalization of Hani ancestors.Not being governed was not a motive for their migration and marginalization,but the cultural conflict between the traditional customs of Hani ancestors and the rule of the central dynasty was the real source of migration.In the mutual shape of the dynasty and the marginal ethnic group,in facing internal and external problems in the country,in the history of life and death of all nations,the sense of national identity of the Hani ancestors gradually took shape.The Hani people finally had grown into a solid barrier protecting China's southwestern border.Migration of Hani ancestors in Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties,that occurred in the history of the formation and development of unified multi-ethnic China state,tells from the edge of marginal ethnic group the shaping and cohesion of the central dynasty,the tactics and national identity of marginal ethnic group as well as the subjective initiative of Hani ancestors on the choice and construction of living space.It helps us understand better "Pluralism”ethnic relations,Chinese nation's multi-unified developing pattern and the formation and development of unified multi-ethnic China state in the two-way interaction between the marginal ethnic group and the central dynasty.