Research On The Production And Reproduction Of Ecological Space In Ejina Oasis, Inner Mongolia

Since the reform and opening up,China's economy has maintained rapid growth for nearly 40 years and achieved remarkable development achievements,and meanwhile the ecological risks caused by environmental pollution and ecological damage have become more serious,and the issue of ecological security has become a prominent problem affecting China's national security.Facing the increasingly severe domestic ecological and environmental issues,China has put ecological civilization construction at an unprecedented height and incorporated it into the strategic layout of the "Five in One".The construction of ecological civilization has become an important direction and major task for China's future development.Northwest China's oasis region is the essence of arid inland areas and a difficult area for ecological civilization construction.It not only concentrates most of the region's population and social wealth,but also bears the responsibility of maintaining regional and national ecological security.In recent years,with the rapid development of economy and society,ecological and environmental problems have continued to emerge.How to coordinate the relationship between oasis development and ecological environmental protection,and promote the effective management of oasis ecosystems has become urgent scientific issue.For a long time,the research on oasis ecological governance has focused on the model exploration of ecological engineering construction and the development of ecological governance technologies,but not enough attention has been paid to the interaction between oasis society and ecosystems,and the deep social factors behind oasis ecological governance have been ignored,nor the subsequent ecological governance,affecting the effectiveness and sustainability of oasis ecological management and weakening the high-quality development process of the oasis area.At the same time,due to the complexity,self-organization,and scale dependence of the oasis ecosystem,oasis ecological governance involves not only the adjustment of water resources allocation and water use in the basin,but also the game of its own multiple power subjects,showing a high degree of comprehensiveness in time,space and decision-making management.The theory of space production follows the dialectical unity of "time-space-society",adheres to the ternary dialectics of space,emphasizes the relationship between space and the social,political,and economic factors that shape it,and has the irreplaceable advantages of other theories when studying complex issues.Therefore,guided by the theory of spatial production,choosing the frontier minority area Ejina Oasis as a case study,based on in-depth research,by the use of hybrid research methods,through the construction of "process-effect-mechanism-question-optimization" of ecological spatial production,with the oasis ecological crisis and the rise of tourism as the research point,and on the basis of the investigation of the oasis ecological environment change,this study,systematically analyzed the process and effect of the ecological spatial production and reproduction in Ejina oasis,explored the production and reproduction mechanism of oasis ecological space from different scales,summarized the production and reproduction problems of oasis ecological space,and proposed a optimization framework.In the study,the production and reproduction of ecological space refered to the ecological management of oasis and the development of ecological tourism respectively,which were progressive symbiosis.The oasis ecological management improved the local ecological environment and promoted the development of oasis eco-tourism,while the development of oasis eco-tourism increased the local income and maintained the achievements of oasis ecological management.The main findings were as follows:(1)The changes of ecological environment in Ejina oasis have undergone four stages of formation,development,deterioration,and recovery.Human activity has been a major factor in the oasis ecological degradation since Minguo.During Ming and Qing dynasties,the oasis was basically in a state of natural evolution.Water,soil,vegetation and other ecological factors developed in a balanced manner,forming a benign ecological system.During Minguo period,the local population was sparse,the population density was extremely low,and reclaiming farmland was restricted,the oasis ecological environment was maintained and developed.From 1949 to 1999,the population of Heihe river basin increased rapidly,agriculture and animal husbandry developed at a low quality and high speed,and the water resource utilization of Heihe river was severely unbalanced,making the oasis ecological environment deteriorate sharply.Since 2000,with the implementation of water regulation and comprehensive management of Heihe river basin,the trend of oasis ecological deterioration has been effectively curbed and it is in the process of recovery and improvement.(2)The ecological governance in Ejina oasis was a rapid and trinity dialectical process of ecological spatial production.Under the background of ecological crisis,the representation of oasis ecological space was mainly reflected in the knowledge representation and planning conception of oasis ecological location and ecological function by the power subjects.Ejina oasis was constructed as an important ecological security barrier in Northern China;The oasis ecological spatial practice was embodied in the water regulation of Heihe river,the construction of water conservancy engineering and ecological engineering,which realized the increase of water flowing to the oasis,the channelization of oasis river network and the functionalization of oasis space,making Ejina oasis change from the border animal husbandry production and living space to the national key ecological function space;Foreign people and local residents hold different spatial images in oasis representational ecological space.The source of sand and dust was the focus of discussions of the former,especially the people of Beijing and Tianjin,while loss of homeland became the center of the latter's emotional and power appeals.The ternary analysis of the production of ecological space showed the diversity of the meaning of ecological space.Ecological space was not only physical space,but also social space and spiritual space.The oasis ecological governance process involved complex social relations,spatial politics,and power demands.(3)The eco-tourism development in Ejina oasis was a continuous and progressive process of ecological spatial reproduction.Under the background of tourism rising,local government dominated the practice of oasis eco-tourism through the promotion of tourism festival activities,the leading of tourism planning and tourism+,making Ejina oasis change from a quiet ecological function space to a noisy tourism consumption space.The oasis eco-tourism spatial representation was reflected in the planning conception and cultural construction of the oasis eco-tourism resources by the power and capital,producing a tourism space image with the theme of "desert fairy tales",which promoted Ejina oasis transforming from an important ecological security barrier in the frontier of China to a well-known eco-tourism destination in China.Populus euphratica forests occupied a core position in the oasis representational ecotourism space,and the populus euphratica symbol became the aesthetic and consumer preference of tourists.Ejina oasis was shaped into a renowned "hometown of Populus euphratica forest",and new oasis spatial cultural imagination(life imagination,frontier imagination,secret land imagination)were constructed accordingly.The ternary analysis of space reproduction showed the diversity of the meaning of ecotourism space.The eco-tourism space was not only physical space,but also social space and spiritual space.The oasis eco-tourism development process entangled complex power relations,capital logic and cultural conflicts.(4)The mechanism of ecological spatial production and reproduction in Ejina oasis exhibited obvious spatial scale differences,with significant spatial production characteristics of public product.The production of ecological space in Ejina oasis was essentially the result of the coordinated development of human-water relations in Heihe basin after the vertical embeddedness of the central government,and was the product of close cooperation and unity in water regulation of governments and institutions at all levels dominated by the pressure system and incentive policies.Among them,the central government exercised unified leadership and power intervention,local governments participated in decision-making and took responsibility at different levels,and the Heihe river basin administration organized implementation,supervising and inspecting.The reproduction of ecological space in Ejina oasis was the result of the joint construction of multiple spatial production subjects under the control of power and capital dual logic,leading by the local government.Among them,the local government was power-led and cultivate tourism industry,tourism enterprises used capital to drive development and management,film and television media promoted local image publicity and brand communication,foreign tourists consumed space and constructed the representational space by discourse,while local residents were passively participated,protecting the environment.The public product attributes of ecological space in Ejina oasis determined its subject,target,capital and value of spatial production,which were significantly different from private product spatial production.(5)The production and reproduction of the ecological space in Ejina oasis had reshaped the oasis social relation and spatial order,producing a series of problems.The ecological migration project resulted in the squeeze of herdsmen's living space,the fracture of social network,the maladjustment of cultural psychology,and the problems of adaptability of urban life style;the power and capital logic of oasis eco-tourism spatial production caused the short-term overload of tourism space capacity,the alienation of eco-tourism development and the de-territorialization of tourism spatial production;the transformation of nomadic production mode and the marginalization of nomadic space led to the decline of grassland nomadic culture and the risk of the inheritance of ethnic traditional culture;in the practice of oasis water diversion,the rationality of "97 water diversion plan" of Heihe river was questioned,while the adaptability and implementation of water diversion plan were challenged.(6)The optimization for the production and reproduction of ecological space in Ejina oasis is the process of regional social relationship adjustment,industrial system reconstruction and cultural value reflection.Ejina oasis should implement basin ecological co-governance and sharing model and oasis development inclusive and universal model based on the principles of ecological priority,synergistic governance,people-oriented and spatial justice,according to the ideas of industrial ecology and ecological industrialization,through the construction of the oasis eco-agriculture-eco-tourism-eco-industry industrial systems,the local government could promote the coordinated development of oasis ecological protection and economic society and realize the organic unification of oasis ecology,economy and social benefits.In terms of restoration measures,it is necessary to improve the water resources management system and mechanism,innovate the resettlement mode of ecological migrants,develop deep eco-tourism and increase the development of water-saving agriculture.At the same time,it is urgent to reflect on the cultural values of the process of oasis ecological spatial production from the perspective of local knowledge,realizing the local embedding of the oasis ecological governance scheme.The innovations of this study are as follows:(1)Introducing the perspective of spatial production into the field of ecological research,the spatial production theory,regional governance theory,government behavior theory,and public product theory are integrated to construct a research framework of ecological spatial production theory,which expands the theory of spatial production.(2)Based on the perspective of of the interaction of oasis "society-ecology" systems,this study explores the impacts of different subjects of spatial production and their interaction on ecological governance,which breaks the trend of the engineering and technical trend of traditional ecological governance,and enriches the theory of ecological governance.(3)From the four aspects of subject,target,capital and value of spatial production,this paper makes a comparative analysis on the spatial production between public product and private product,preliminarily clarifying the spatial production differences of different types of products.