| The ten-years of friendship between the Soviet Union and China in the 1950s had a profound impact on the subsequent development of the Soviet Union and China,which was reflected in the high-level leaders' meeting and the mutual support of the two countries' domestic and diplomatic affairs.The dispatch of experts by the Soviet Union during the construction of New China was one of the most important manifestations of the friendly cooperation between the two countries.On the one hand,sending experts became the most important way which Soviet Union used to transfer new technologies to China.On the other hand,the situation of experts in China reflects the real situation of the relationship between the two countries over the past decade.The study of the Soviet-Chinese conflict after ten years of "eternal friendship" is still controversial in Russia and China.One of the controversial issues is still the true cause of the Sino-Soviet conflict.Was the conflict between the two countries avoidable?Was there an objective law to it?Or was it despite the great interest of both China and the Soviet Union in cooperation differences between the leaders of the two countries led to the breakdown of Sino-Soviet relations?An analysis of documents from Shaanxi Province and Russian archives concerning Soviet experts' time in China reveals a number of consistencies and from these are able to conclude that the Soviets-China conflict partly reflected developments in the domestic policies of both countries.This conclusion is based on an analysis of the ideologies of Chinese and Soviet experts during the "Great Leap Forward".Therefore,the goal of this study is to thoroughly examine the relationship between the deterioration of Soviet-Chinese relations and the situation of Soviet experts in Shaanxi.In addition,in the process of trying to collate and explain the contribution of Soviet experts to the development of Shaanxi Province in the military industry and civil fields,a large number of first-hand materials were found in the Shaanxi Provincial Archives,including 14 archived files of reports on the work of experts in Shaanxi.Materials from the Xi'an Archives and Shaanxi Xi Dian Company were used,which included documents about the activities of Soviet experts in Shaanxi.Most of the newly discovered archival documents were produced between 1956 and 1960,when Soviet large number of experts worked in Shaanxi,and their number increased steadily until 1960.The research content of this paper is divided into five chapters.The first chapter starts with the historical background of Shaanxi experts.The formation of the SovietChinese alliance in 1950 took place against the background of the increasing international influence of the Soviet Union after World War ? and the prestige and unlimited power enjoyed by Stalin.The Yalta System promoted the establishment of the alliance between the Soviet Union and China and ensured the national interests of the Soviet Union.Stalin's alliance with China was to secure the Soviet Union's eastern border and get China to recognize the buffer zone in Outer Mongolia.The Soviet Union seemed to be the only power that could help New China.From 1950 to 1954,Soviet aid to China was formed by the signing of three agreements under which the Soviet Union assisted in the establishment of 156 industrial facilities in China.The 156 projects assisted by the Soviet Union in China took place against the background of the power struggle among Stalin's former colleagues.Khrushchev,in order to strengthen his position,made a speech criticizing Stalin's personality cult at the 20th CPC Congress.This was a turning point in Sino-Soviet relations,which gradually began to change from 1956 onwards,all of which affected Soviet experts all over China,including Shaanxi Province.Shaanxi province became one of China's new industrial bases during the first five-year plan.Of the planned 156 projects,24 are located in Shaanxi and were mainly military facilities.The second chapter is focused on the basic situation of Shaanxi.The Soviet aid construction projects in Shaanxi had obvious military character,so the Soviet experts who went to Shaanxi were also concentrated in military enterprises.The activities of Soviet experts in Shaanxi can be divided into two main stages:first from 1952 to 1955 and secondly from 1956 to 1960.Druing the first stage(1952-1954),there were more than 30 experts in the Soviet Union.During this period,the care of the experts was managed by the communication office.In 1956,with the development of socialist construction in Shaanxi,the number of experts gradually increased,reaching about 100.In 1960,the number of Soviet experts in Xi'an,Baoji,Xingping,Yan'an and other cities and counties reached 114.Although the total number of Soviet experts in China began to decrease from 1957,the number of Soviet experts in Shaanxi did not decrease but increased.Soviet specialists work for long periods in Shaanxi,in place like Xi 'an,Baoji,Xianyang,Tongchuan,Yongxian,Xingping and Yaoxian.The Soviet experts were specialized in many fields.These experts included designers,craftsmen,architects,equipment installation experts and technical experts.The third chapter mainly studies the Soviet experts during the "Great Leap Forward" movement.The ideological and political work by Soviet experts was directly related to China's "Great Leap Forward" policy in the late 1950s and the establishment of the people's communes.As the Great Leap Forward began,according to the Chinese,the Soviet experts' ideas as well as the efficiency of their work,was controlled by archaic and ineffective ideas and norms.To rectify the situation,the China planned to carry out large-scale ideological work among experts.The purpose of political and ideological work is to explain the essence of the Great Leap Forward policy,because without this,it will be impossible for experts to effectively follow the production process and improve their labor efficiency.Since Soviet experts had a higher technical level than Chinese workers at the time,the Chinese believed that Soviet experts would perform better than Chinese workers after mastering the advanced ideas of the Great Leap Forward.After expert's master advanced ideas,China must learn from them modestly,because they can put forward valuable suggestions.The fourth chapter focuses on the working and living conditions of Shaanxi experts.The working and living conditions of the experts were under China's national control,and the Chinese tried their best to maintain and develop close coordination with the Soviet experts.From the beginning of their work in China,experts have made it clear that the reception and service work for experts is an integral part of the good performance of their duties.This shows that despite the deterioration of relations between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China in the late 1950s,the Chinese did not exclude Soviet experts and still placed great expectations on them,otherwise they would not have attached such importance to the reception of experts.Although during the "Great Leap Forward" period,China no longer fully affirmed the experience of the Soviet Union,but their rejection was focused on the Soviet ideology,but did not reject the Soviet technical experts altogether.The fifth chapter summarizes the function and contribution of the Soviet experts.Before the founding of the People's Republic of China,Shaanxi had little more than 200 factories,most of them dedicated to the textile industry,but in the late 1950s,with the help of Soviet experts,the province became one of the advanced high-tech military production centers of the time,with a number of major aviation,engine manufacturing and power companies.Therefore,we can conclude the important role of experts in creating new specialized facilities for Shaanxi Province.As part of "Project 156",the Soviet Union built the largest number of arms factories in Shaanxi,making Shaanxi not only a key region in Northwest China,but also of great importance to the whole of China.In summation,on the one hand,one can consider the presence of Soviet experts in Shaanxi from the perspective of providing technical assistance to China,which has had a positive impact on China's industrial development.On the other hand,the relationship between the Chinese and the Soviet experts in China can be seen as an epitome of the relationship between China and the Soviet Union.From this perspective,the ten-year friendship between China and the Soviet Union came to an end during China's Great Leap Forward policy,which resulted in China's independence from the Soviet Union. |
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