A Study On Grass-roots Social Governance In North Henan From Qing Dynasty To Republic Of China

The country will be safe when the grassroots are governed.Strengthening and innovating social governance at the grass-roots level is an important guarantee for building a new social governance pattern of joint construction,co-governance and sharing.China's long historical process,with a unique political tradition,strong continuity,leaving a wealth of experience in governance.To appreciate the governance thought contained in history and culture is of great significance to the construction of governance system and the Modernization of governance capability.The relationship between the state and the North Henan Society during the period from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China is the embodiment of the transition from the traditional state to the modern state.National Governance first pays attention to the construction of governance system.Because of the universality of the governance system and the particularity of the North Henan Society,the practice of state governance in the North Henan Society has the dual characteristics of universality and particularity.The guiding principle of state governance is national unity and social stability and order.As far as the state governance during the period of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China is concerned,the Qing Dynasty entered the imperial government as a minority,the first thing the Qing Dynasty should solve is the problem of national identity.The Qing Dynasty inherited the Confucian tradition,constructed the political identity of "the state as a whole",set up the social governance system under the guidance of the sage's instruction,and regulated people's behavior with the system of etiquette and law.The Qing Dynasty also strengthened the imperial power through the military and the tax and corvee system,and promoted the governance efficiency through the establishment of the perfect information channel.As far as the north of Henan province is concerned,the Qing Dynasty also paid attention to the people's livelihood,governed the Yellow River,guided religious belief,and governed cults in order to consolidate the national values with "loyalty and filial piety" as the core.In modern times,under the influence of external forces,national identity faced challenges,coupled with the model effect of Western countries,north Henan began to modern countries difficult transition.The "lag" of state governance led to the end of the Qing Dynasty,which was replaced by the Beiyang Army of ideological chaos and social unrest in northern Henan.Despite a series of reforms,the National Government of the Republic of China did not address the core concerns of the people,such as land reform.The system and practice of state governance are inseparable.The State attaches great importance to the selection of local officials.The local government governance must be within the framework of the state governance system,but the relationship between the local government and the central government should be well handled according to local conditions.After the Republic of China,the number of county officials who received new education and returned from studying abroad increased gradually.County officials in northern Henan Province were responsible for the construction of the hydraulic engineering,storage and Disaster Prevention,charity and relief,and the livelihood of the parishioners.It also implements state-led values through school education and social education.County officials are also responsible for the collection of taxes,taxes in the early Qing Dynasty,Ding Yao Levy,"Tan Ding into Mu" after the land tax and Ding Yao integration.The state and county deposits in north Henan Province are mainly used for state and county administrative expenses.Although Lijia and Baojia system do not belong to the formal bureaucratic system,but with a strong official color.Lijia was responsible for Corvee,Baojia was responsible for public security and education.Through Baojia,the officials in north Henan have established a strict social security system.The local government not only carries out the national will,but also carries the supervision and feedback from the grass-roots society.The counties in north Henan not only educate the common people,but also govern the grass-roots society through the clan,the village organization and the gentry.The belief of God is only a carrier,this carrier bears the will of the state.North Tangyin of Henan is the hometown of Yue Fei.The worship of Yue Fei is to construct the psychological identity of national unity and national identity,and advocates the value of loyalty and filial piety,which is the unity of the country,with the efforts of local officials and local elites,this concept extends to the grass-roots society and maintains the stability of the grass-roots society.The development of missionaries in North Henan experienced the process from exclusion to integration.Since the late Qing Dynasty,the frequent changes of officials in northern Henan state indicated the collapse of the original governance system,and northern Henan became the battleground of warlords.Local self-government in civil society must be integrated with national and local government.Therefore,the imperial power is not only in the states and counties,but extended to the states and counties below.Clan Society is bound by blood.The population in north Henan is mainly the result of Shanxi immigration in Ming and Qing dynasties.The gentry's governance of the grass-roots society includes social relief,repair of bridges and roads and other public affairs.The township organizations play an important role in paying taxes,maintaining public security and checking accounts at the grassroots level.As a local grass-roots organization,Baojia is responsible for the enlightenment of villagers,household registration,taxes,labor force,anti-theft,peace proceedings and other issues.There are many rivers in the north of Henan Province,and people worship Water God and the four kings of Golden Dragon,which is characteristic of pragmatism.The folk operas and novels in the north of Henan Province have the functions of entertaining the body and mind,regulating the mood,prospering the national folk art,promoting commerce and trade,prospering the market,inheriting the culture and supporting the spirit.Since the late Qing Dynasty,north Henan Society has become more and more self-governing,Lianzhuang Association,Self-defense Regiment,Huidao Gate.During the period of the Republic of China,the northern part of Henan was full of gangs,the people were living in poverty,the Patriots and kindhearted people exposed the malpractice of the old morals deeply,and Marxism began to spread in the northern part of Henan.The modernization of grass-roots governance is the basis of maintaining the harmony and stability of grass-roots society.Grass-roots social governance concerns the vital interests of millions of people and is the main body and focus of social governance.The harmony and stability of the grass-roots society not only depends on the design at the national level,but also the civil society is the object of examination,transformation and criticism by the state.The Qing Dynasty was a highly centralized political society,imperial Power permeates every corner of social life.Therefore,the Qing Dynasty grass-roots social governance is state-led co-governance of officials and people.The north of Henan Province embodies the contradiction between tradition and modernity,closed and open.The transition from tradition to modernity requires not only the ideological transformation of the elite,but also the ideological transformation of the masses.