End Of The Qing Dynasty Republic Of China Temple Of Production Research (1895-1916),

The temple Iissue is the national social contradictions and conflicts triggered by the large-scale seizure of civil Temple Property all over the country, which is initated by the temples' property's policy of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China Government..It is the epitome of the fierce conflict between tradition and modern consciousness, dictatorial habits and democratic spirit, the social elite and ordinary people.during the reforming time。The problem began during the ten years of late Qing Dynasty from 1901 to 1911, thereafter it was sometimes slow and rapid, lasting till the eve of the founding of the nation. The temple Iissue sustained very long, the range is very broad, the social impact which creates is also very profound.。The research on it n hasot only the vital academic significance but certain practical significance. However, at present no one has conducted systematic research on it. In view of this, this article conducts a systematic study on the first stage of the temple issue—the end of the Qing (1895-1916), wishing to play a role in attracting valuable opinions. This article is divided into four parts:The introduction mainly elaborates the basic ideas and significance of the selected topic, the research status,the main content of this article,the major ideas and innovations,and so on.Tthe first chapter of this article mainly explores the social root of the late Qing government's policy of the temple expropriation. This chapter is divided into two major parts:First, the section analyses the types of Qing Dynasty temples, the national situation of the temple Property—the number and conditions of temples, the houses, the land and the amount of money, etc. It also thinks these are the the premise for the Qing Dynasty government to issue this policy. Second, the section studies the four realistic reasons of the policy :the severe shortage of funds was the economic reason;the traditional culture of abolishing excessive sacrifices was its political reason; the social elites'attitude change was its ideological reasons;the poor social images of the monks was its catalyst.The second chapter of this article mainly explores the evolution process and implementation situation of the late Qing government's policy of the temple expropriation.Firstly I analyze the similarities and differences of suggestions among Zhang Taiyan, Kang Youwei, Zhang Zhidong, the process of its implementation, fluctuation,and continuation.,then I inspects its executive condition throughout the country.and points out that it was the the policy's contradiction and the inconsistencies of its implementation all overt the country that led to the generation and rapid intensification of the temple issue;The third chapter mainly inspects the general development of the temple issue. I carries out a macroscopic study on the forming and developing process of temple issue in the late Qing governmen from the sociology,thinking that it was diplomatic dispute,then disputes and lawsuits between the monks and the people, and eventually developed into the large-scale incident of group violenceThe fourth chapter focuses on the changes of the temple issue in the early years of Republic of China. Firstly I elaborated not only the changes of the political situation and the rapid develepment of abolishing superstition but their influences on the temple issue; then I explores Yuan Shikai's change of attitude towards this issue as well as The Provisional Constitution's effect on this; finally I elaborats the evolution process of the temple issue in the early years of Republic of China—from the incident of group violence to the organizational operation and judicial actions;The fifth chapter focuses primarily on not the process during which the Yuan Shikai government dealt with the temple issue but the games between the government and the religion associations,which mainly focuses on 4 parts—the protection standard on the temple issue, the ownership of it, the starting time of the protection of the temple property, the status of the religion associations,and so on.I also think that these games were the important parts of the democratic politics in the early years of Republic of China.In order to compete the right to dispose the civil temple issue,both of the Yuan Shikai government and the religion associations seeked for their own factors from the Provisional Constitution, not only directly promoting the Yuan Shikai government to perfect the temple issue but making the intense conflicts incorporated into the legal track gradually;The sixth chapter mainly studied the main ele_ments, the characteristics of the temples'property's policy of Yuan-shi- kai's government as well as the religious personages' opinions and evaluations. I think that the policy not only fully reflects the govern_ ment's consciousness but also actively absorbed the religious personages' opinions and suggestions;this policy had many traditional traces as well as a lot of obvious characteristics of the times. These policy-making provided a legal basis to deal with disputes of the temple property and it also had a profound influence on the policy; The conclusion mainly elaborating three ideas: First,it was the great changes of our country's political and economic situations in the late qing and early republic period that was the the root cause of the temple issue;Second, the the policy's contradiction of the governments in the late qing and early republic period was the direct cause for the temple issue to develop continuously; Third, the Yuan government's dilemma run through the whole process of policy formation capacity, although this increases the difficulty of solving the temple issue, but the Yuan government eventually yield the temple into a legal track, and solued this social problem temporaryIn a word, the temple issue was a very complex political social issue, involving politics,economy,thought,culture,religion,and education ,and so on. As it involves many aspects and I have little talent and less learning,there must be some disadvantages,which need me and colleagues to make joint efforts to solve this issue.